Chronic pain is a disabling and long-lasting cross-pathology condition, currently treated with mostly opioid drugs, which are leading to severe side-effects such as constipation, respiratory depression, addiction and tolerance. I2 ligands showed analgesic properties and to contrast tolerance development in co-administration with opioids. CR4056, a novel I2-agonist drug, has proved to have analgesic efficacy in several animal models of chronic pain, in which, moreover, a strong synergistic effect with morphine has been observed. The aim of my study was therefore to examine the interaction between morphine and CR4056 regarding opioid tolerance, and to elucidate their pharmacological interaction. To this scope, I assessed behavioral effects of the synergy between CR4056 and morphine on tolerance development and expression in the CFA model of chronic pain. Putative CR4056 action on opioid-induced side effects and spinal microgliosis were also assessed. It is known, in fact, that spinal microglia have an important role in chronic pain and opioid-induced tolerance, since, in these conditions, a sustained microglia activation has been observed, linked to the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Lastly, we aimed to better understand CR4056-morphine synergy at molecular level. In fact, it has been shown that DRG neurons of animal models of chronic pain display higher activation of TRPV1 receptor, depending on PKCε phosphorylation and translocation to cell membrane. Moreover, there is evidence that several analgesics are able to inhibit PKCε phosphorylation in cultured sensory neurons. Interestingly, in preliminary unpublished data, we observed that morphine and CR4056 can contrast PKCε translocation induced by inflammatory factors in primary rat DRG cultures. Therefore, in this work we aimed to elucidate the effects of acute administrations of morphine or CR4056 in ex vivo DRG from CFA-treated rats, by quantification of PKCε phosphorylation and TRPV1 expression, and in the spinal cord, by evaluation of microgliosis. My results demonstrated that CFA-induced inflammation triggered mechanical hyperalgesia, acutely counteracted by morphine or CR4056. Combined administration of morphine with CR4056 caused a dose-dependent prevention of morphine tolerance, which was established in the morphine alone treated group, in a short (4 days) and in a long paradigm (14 days). Moreover, when CR4056 was co-administered with morphine in already tolerant rats, it was able to improve morphine analgesic activity. In the same animals, spinal microglia activation was augmented in CFA-injected rats, either vehicle- or morphine-treated, but not in the group with CR4056-morphine combined administration. Besides, the synergy was not accompanied by an additive modulation of opioid-induced constipation. In L4-L5 DRG of CFA-injected rats we found a significant increase in the phosphorylation of PKC-ε, as well as in the colocalization between PKC-ε and VR1, compared to sham animals and to acutely treated animals (with CR4056 or morphine). In the same animals, activated microglial cells were significantly increased in CFA vehicle-treated animals compared to control and CR4056-treated animals, but not to morphine-treated rats. In conclusion, these data suggest that CR4056 seems to be a valid drug to prevent and rescue opioid tolerance without exacerbate side-effects. Moreover, in vitro data on CR4056 and morphine synergistic mechanism on PKCε were validated in ex vivo DRG from CFA-treated rats. Further studies will be needed to elucidate effects of combined treatment on DRG and spinal cord in order to understand the mechanism of CR4056 and opioids synergy.
Il dolore cronico è una patologia cronica invalidante attualmente trattata con farmaci prevalentemente oppioidi, che comportano gravi effetti collaterali come stitichezza, depressione respiratoria, dipendenza e tolleranza. I ligandi I2 possiedono proprietà analgesiche e contrastano lo sviluppo della tolleranza se co-somministrati con oppioidi. CR4056, un nuovo farmaco I2-agonista, possiede efficacia analgesica dimostrata in diversi modelli animali di dolore cronico, in cui, inoltre, è stato osservato un forte effetto sinergico con la morfina. Lo scopo del mio studio era quindi quello di esaminare l'interazione tra morfina e CR4056 per quanto riguarda la tolleranza agli oppioidi, per chiarire la loro interazione farmacologica. A questo scopo, ho valutato gli effetti comportamentali della sinergia tra CR4056 e morfina sullo sviluppo e l'espressione della tolleranza nel modello CFA di dolore cronico. E’ stata anche valutata l'azione putativa di CR4056 sugli effetti collaterali indotti da oppioidi e sulla microgliosi spinale. È noto, infatti, che la microglia spinale ha un ruolo importante nel dolore cronico e nella tolleranza indotta da oppioidi, poiché in queste condizioni è stata osservata un'attivazione prolungata della microglia, legata al rilascio di fattori proinfiammatori. Infine, abbiamo mirato a comprendere meglio la sinergia della morfina CR4056 a livello molecolare. Infatti, è stato dimostrato che i neuroni DRG di modelli animali di dolore cronico mostrano una maggiore attivazione del recettore TRPV1, dipendente della fosforilazione di PKCε e dalla sua traslocazione sulla membrana cellulare. Inoltre, molti analgesici sono in grado di inibire la fosforilazione di PKCε in neuroni sensoriali in coltura. In dati preliminari non pubblicati, abbiamo osservato che morfina e CR4056 contrastano la traslocazione di PKCε indotta da fattori infiammatori in colture primarie di DRG di ratto. Pertanto, in questo lavoro abbiamo mirato a chiarire gli effetti delle somministrazioni acute di morfina o CR4056 in DRG ex vivo da ratti trattati con CFA, mediante quantificazione della fosforilazione di PKCε e dell'espressione di TRPV1, e nel midollo spinale, mediante valutazione della microgliosi. I miei risultati hanno dimostrato che l'infiammazione indotta da CFA ha innescato l'iperalgesia meccanica, contrastata dalla morfina o dal CR4056 in acuto. La somministrazione combinata di morfina e CR4056 ha causato una prevenzione dose-dipendente della tolleranza alla morfina, rispetto al gruppo trattato con sola morfina, in un paradigma breve (4 giorni) e lungo (14 giorni). Inoltre, quando CR4056 è stato co-somministrato con la morfina in ratti già tolleranti, è stato in grado di migliorarne l'attività analgesica. Negli stessi animali, l'attivazione della microglia spinale era maggiore nei ratti CFA, trattati con veicolo o morfina, ma non nel gruppo con somministrazione combinata di CR4056-morfina. Inoltre, la sinergia non era accompagnata da una modulazione additiva della costipazione da oppioidi. Nei DRG L4-L5 di ratti CFA abbiamo riscontrato un aumento significativo della fosforilazione di PKC-ε e della colocalizzazione tra PKC-ε e VR1, rispetto ai controlli e agli animali trattati in acuto (con CR4056 o morfina). Negli stessi animali, la microglia spinale è risultata significativamente attivata negli animali trattati con CFA rispetto ai controlli e agli animali trattati con CR4056, ma non ai ratti trattati con morfina. In conclusione, questi dati suggeriscono CR4056 come farmaco valido per prevenire e revertire la tolleranza agli oppioidi senza esacerbarne gli effetti collaterali. Inoltre, i dati in vitro su CR4056 e il meccanismo sinergico con morfina su PKCε sono stati validati in DRG ex vivo da ratti trattati con CFA. Ulteriori studi chiariranno gli effetti del trattamento combinato su DRG e midollo spinale al fine di comprendere il meccanismo della sinergia tra CR4056 e oppioidi.
Evaluation of pain components in an animal model of chronic inflammatory pain: a study towards new therapeutics
MILIA, CHIARA
2018
Abstract
Chronic pain is a disabling and long-lasting cross-pathology condition, currently treated with mostly opioid drugs, which are leading to severe side-effects such as constipation, respiratory depression, addiction and tolerance. I2 ligands showed analgesic properties and to contrast tolerance development in co-administration with opioids. CR4056, a novel I2-agonist drug, has proved to have analgesic efficacy in several animal models of chronic pain, in which, moreover, a strong synergistic effect with morphine has been observed. The aim of my study was therefore to examine the interaction between morphine and CR4056 regarding opioid tolerance, and to elucidate their pharmacological interaction. To this scope, I assessed behavioral effects of the synergy between CR4056 and morphine on tolerance development and expression in the CFA model of chronic pain. Putative CR4056 action on opioid-induced side effects and spinal microgliosis were also assessed. It is known, in fact, that spinal microglia have an important role in chronic pain and opioid-induced tolerance, since, in these conditions, a sustained microglia activation has been observed, linked to the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Lastly, we aimed to better understand CR4056-morphine synergy at molecular level. In fact, it has been shown that DRG neurons of animal models of chronic pain display higher activation of TRPV1 receptor, depending on PKCε phosphorylation and translocation to cell membrane. Moreover, there is evidence that several analgesics are able to inhibit PKCε phosphorylation in cultured sensory neurons. Interestingly, in preliminary unpublished data, we observed that morphine and CR4056 can contrast PKCε translocation induced by inflammatory factors in primary rat DRG cultures. Therefore, in this work we aimed to elucidate the effects of acute administrations of morphine or CR4056 in ex vivo DRG from CFA-treated rats, by quantification of PKCε phosphorylation and TRPV1 expression, and in the spinal cord, by evaluation of microgliosis. My results demonstrated that CFA-induced inflammation triggered mechanical hyperalgesia, acutely counteracted by morphine or CR4056. Combined administration of morphine with CR4056 caused a dose-dependent prevention of morphine tolerance, which was established in the morphine alone treated group, in a short (4 days) and in a long paradigm (14 days). Moreover, when CR4056 was co-administered with morphine in already tolerant rats, it was able to improve morphine analgesic activity. In the same animals, spinal microglia activation was augmented in CFA-injected rats, either vehicle- or morphine-treated, but not in the group with CR4056-morphine combined administration. Besides, the synergy was not accompanied by an additive modulation of opioid-induced constipation. In L4-L5 DRG of CFA-injected rats we found a significant increase in the phosphorylation of PKC-ε, as well as in the colocalization between PKC-ε and VR1, compared to sham animals and to acutely treated animals (with CR4056 or morphine). In the same animals, activated microglial cells were significantly increased in CFA vehicle-treated animals compared to control and CR4056-treated animals, but not to morphine-treated rats. In conclusion, these data suggest that CR4056 seems to be a valid drug to prevent and rescue opioid tolerance without exacerbate side-effects. Moreover, in vitro data on CR4056 and morphine synergistic mechanism on PKCε were validated in ex vivo DRG from CFA-treated rats. Further studies will be needed to elucidate effects of combined treatment on DRG and spinal cord in order to understand the mechanism of CR4056 and opioids synergy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/107010
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-107010