China’s involvement in Ghana’s infrastructure development has significantly increased over the past decades. Chinese-financed and built infrastructure projects in Ghana are generally framed within the Chinese international development cooperation paradigm and narratives. These projects are described as symbols of “win-win cooperation” (hezuo gong ying, 合作共赢), “mutual benefit” (huhui huli, 互惠互利), and “co-development” (gongtong kaifa, 共同开发). Nevertheless, these projects do not always produce the desired benefits and development, especially at the local level. This is due both to the characteristics of Chinese involvement, particularly in terms of working conditions within Chinese state-owned construction companies, and the nature of contemporary Chinese infrastructure projects in Ghana. From a labour perspective, although Sino-Ghanaian infrastructure projects are promoted as valuable and much-needed employment opportunities for local workers, the working conditions offered by Chinese companies are generally described by local workers as less than desirable because they are characterised by informality, insecurity, and low wages, and because they are embedded in complex cross-cultural hierarchical employment relations. The conflicts, tensions and misunderstandings that characterise the everyday relationships and interactions between Chinese and Ghanaian workers on Chinese construction sites have a strong and negative impact on the life and work experiences of both Ghanaian and Chinese workers. Chinese workers, although supported by the work ethic of “eating bitterness” (chiku nailao, 吃苦耐劳), which pushes them to patiently enduring hardship while waiting for a better future, face constant feelings of anxiety, frustration and homesickness, as well as arduous negotiations of their role and identity during their experience abroad. The local development promised by Chinese infrastructure projects in Ghana often fails to materialise also because, as I argued in the thesis, contemporary Chinese construction projects are increasingly shaped by global assemblages. While, on the one hand, these assemblages question the “Chineseness” of these projects, and therefore whether these projects can be described as Chinese infrastructure development cooperation projects in Ghana, on the other hand, they also raise troubling political issues about how such projects are managed at the local level, what the roles and approaches of the various actors involved are, and what and who is ultimately responsible for the negative impacts of such infrastructures. Through an ethnographic analysis of a Chinese-financed and built infrastructure project consisting of the construction of fishing ports and landing sites in twelve communities along the Ghanaian coast, the thesis aims to illustrate the different actors, interests, and dynamics involved, the outcomes produced, and the multiple assemblages and assemblages of assemblages that have characterised it. By narrating the stories and perspectives of the different actors and subjects who have contributed over time and in different ways to the processes of imagining, promoting, planning, financing and constructing the project, the thesis aims to highlight the different agency and (non-)agency expressed by the research subjects, and to reflect on the relationships between individuals, structures and global assemblages.
Il coinvolgimento cinese nello sviluppo infrastrutturale del Ghana è significatamene aumentato negli ultimi decenni. I progetti infrastrutturali finanziati e costruiti dalla Cina sono in genere inseriti nel paradigma e nei discorsi della cooperazione allo sviluppo cinese in Africa. Questi progetti vengono descritti come simboli della cooperazione cinese, caratterizzata dal fatto di essere “vantaggiosa per tutti” (“win-win cooperation”, hezuo gong ying, 合作共赢), produrre “benefici reciproci” (“mutual benefit”, huhui huli, 互惠互利), ed essere volta ad uno “sviluppo comune” (“co-development”, gongtong kaifa, 共同开发). Nonostante ciò, non sempre tali progetti producono i benefici e lo sviluppo desiderati, soprattutto a livello locale. Questo deriva sia dalle caratteristiche stesse del coinvolgimento cinese, e in particolare dall’operato delle compagnie di costruzione statali cinesi in termini di modalità di impiego e dinamiche lavorative, sia dalla contemporanea conformazione dei progetti di costruzione infrastrutturali cinesi in Ghana. A livello lavorativo, sebbene i progetti infrastrutturali sino-ghanesi siano promossi come opportunità di impiego per i lavoratori locali, le condizioni di lavoro offerte dalle imprese cinesi risultano in genere poco desiderabili per la maggior parte dei lavoratori locali, poiché caratterizzate da informalità, precarietà, e bassa retribuzione, e poiché inserite all’interno di complesse relazioni interculturali, gerarchiche e di potere. I costanti conflitti, tensioni, e incomprensioni che caratterizzano le relazioni e interazioni quotidiane nei cantieri di costruzione cinesi in Ghana incidono fortemente, e in modo negativo, sia sull’esperienza di vita e di lavoro dei lavoratori ghanesi che dei lavoratori cinesi. Gli impiegati cinesi, benché sostenuti dall’etica lavorativa del chiku nailao (吃苦耐劳), che li spinge a sopportare pazientemente le difficoltà in attesa di un futuro migliore, sperimentano durante il loro percorso di vita e lavoro all’estero costanti sensazioni di ansia, frustrazione, e nostalgia di casa, e faticose negoziazioni della propria identità e del proprio ruolo all’interno del sistema delle imprese cinesi. Inoltre, lo sviluppo promesso a livello locale dalle opere infrastrutturali cinesi in Ghana spesso non si realizza poiché, come sostenuto nella tesi, i contemporanei progetti di costruzione cinesi sono sempre più caratterizzati da assemblaggi globali. Questi assemblaggi, se da un lato mettono in discussione la “cinesità” stessa di tali progetti, e interrogano dunque se tali progetti possano essere realmente descritti come progetti di cooperazione allo sviluppo infrastrutturale cinese in Ghana, dall’altro lato sollevano interrogativi di natura politica su come tali progetti vengano gestiti a livello locale, su quale sia il ruolo e l’approccio adottato dai vari attori coinvolti, e su quale sia infine, e di chi, la responsabilità per gli effetti negativi prodotti da tali infrastrutture. Attraverso l’analisi etnografica di un progetto infrastrutturale finanziato dalla Cina e realizzato da una compagnia di costruzione statale cinese in Ghana, finalizzato alla costruzione di porti per la pesca in dodici località lungo la costa ghanese, la tesi intende illustrare i diversi attori, interessi e dinamiche coinvolti, gli esiti prodotti dal progetto, e mettere in luce i molteplici assemblaggi e assemblaggi di assemblaggi che lo hanno caratterizzato. Nel narrare le storie e prospettive dei diversi soggetti che hanno contribuito nel tempo, e in vario modo, ai processi di immaginazione, promozione, progettazione, finanziamento e costruzione del progetto, la tesi intende in particolare mettere in luce le diverse agency e (non-)agency espresse e messe in gioco dai molteplici attori e soggetti della ricerca, e riflettere sulle relazioni tra individui, strutture, e assemblaggi globali.
Assembling development: an ethnography of a Chinese infrastructure project in Ghana
FRANCESCHINI, COSTANZA
2024
Abstract
China’s involvement in Ghana’s infrastructure development has significantly increased over the past decades. Chinese-financed and built infrastructure projects in Ghana are generally framed within the Chinese international development cooperation paradigm and narratives. These projects are described as symbols of “win-win cooperation” (hezuo gong ying, 合作共赢), “mutual benefit” (huhui huli, 互惠互利), and “co-development” (gongtong kaifa, 共同开发). Nevertheless, these projects do not always produce the desired benefits and development, especially at the local level. This is due both to the characteristics of Chinese involvement, particularly in terms of working conditions within Chinese state-owned construction companies, and the nature of contemporary Chinese infrastructure projects in Ghana. From a labour perspective, although Sino-Ghanaian infrastructure projects are promoted as valuable and much-needed employment opportunities for local workers, the working conditions offered by Chinese companies are generally described by local workers as less than desirable because they are characterised by informality, insecurity, and low wages, and because they are embedded in complex cross-cultural hierarchical employment relations. The conflicts, tensions and misunderstandings that characterise the everyday relationships and interactions between Chinese and Ghanaian workers on Chinese construction sites have a strong and negative impact on the life and work experiences of both Ghanaian and Chinese workers. Chinese workers, although supported by the work ethic of “eating bitterness” (chiku nailao, 吃苦耐劳), which pushes them to patiently enduring hardship while waiting for a better future, face constant feelings of anxiety, frustration and homesickness, as well as arduous negotiations of their role and identity during their experience abroad. The local development promised by Chinese infrastructure projects in Ghana often fails to materialise also because, as I argued in the thesis, contemporary Chinese construction projects are increasingly shaped by global assemblages. While, on the one hand, these assemblages question the “Chineseness” of these projects, and therefore whether these projects can be described as Chinese infrastructure development cooperation projects in Ghana, on the other hand, they also raise troubling political issues about how such projects are managed at the local level, what the roles and approaches of the various actors involved are, and what and who is ultimately responsible for the negative impacts of such infrastructures. Through an ethnographic analysis of a Chinese-financed and built infrastructure project consisting of the construction of fishing ports and landing sites in twelve communities along the Ghanaian coast, the thesis aims to illustrate the different actors, interests, and dynamics involved, the outcomes produced, and the multiple assemblages and assemblages of assemblages that have characterised it. By narrating the stories and perspectives of the different actors and subjects who have contributed over time and in different ways to the processes of imagining, promoting, planning, financing and constructing the project, the thesis aims to highlight the different agency and (non-)agency expressed by the research subjects, and to reflect on the relationships between individuals, structures and global assemblages.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/116383
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-116383