The research was born from the work with Heritage Management and the realization that with the insertion of modern architecture occurred a formal and conceptual rupture until then unseen. Hence two questions arose: 1 - there may be an intrinsic value in Heritage, which is neither of exchange nor of use, but symbolic, which is independent and broader than the other two; 2 - modern architecture can be considered as a factor of degeneration of the symbolic value of environments. Considering the context of the global environmental crisis (about which, usually, are mostly considered the material aspects), the question of symbolic environmental values and the role of urban form in the configuration of these values, it was constructed the hypothesis of a Symbolic Sustainability, a factor of equilibrium of the symbolic forces present in the environment. It was also constructed the hypothesis that the principles of modern architecture can be indicators for assessing Symbolic Sustainability. A methodology was therefore sought to allow the study of these questions and the hypothesis test. Not having available a ready methodology, in the works of Bourdieu (the Symbolic, the anti-positivism, the Fields, the Universal) and Ginzburg (the Evidential Paradigm) were seek foundations for the methodological development; from this resulted that applying these principles to the Archeology of Present Time should be the reference sought, since it deals with the interpretation, from formal characteristics, of the artifacts present and available to the researcher's approach, aided by the analysis of documents that inform and complement it. The analysis of a set of canonical modernist texts was undertake, covering practically the entire twentieth century; it became clear the theoretical fragility of these texts, which shows that adherence to the movement consists more of a kind of belief, whose political tones converge with movements aimed at transforming society 'from the top', using to this end manipulation and associating with the forces of social control. It became evident that the permanence of these texts as respectable pieces of thought about architecture and cities can only occur at the expense of the principles of logic, of the autonomy of thought, or of submission to the dominant social forces. We investigated the fundaments and relevance of current stylistic classifications, and found that they do not correspond to what can be detected in confrontation with reality, but that, in general, they serve interests of symbolic manipulation. We deduced that it is possible to establish a simple stylistic division between 'before' and 'after' the modernist rupture, which corresponds to the observed and met the needs of the research. We exposed the theoretical foundations for an Ecology of the Symbolic Environment and the conditions in which we understand the presence of Nature, presenting aspects of works such as those of Ulrich, Guattari, Wilson, etc. We discussed the rationale of our perspective on rationality and progress; compared our object of study (the Urban Form) with other products of culture (cinema, etc.). Based on the foundations presented, we performed the empirical immersion (participant objectification), researching in 20 cities on 3 continents, in search of signals that could offer answers to our questions and confirm our hypotheses. The result was that the hypothesis of the existence of the Symbolic Sustainability is plausible and the application of the concept can bring benefits to the Urban Management as a whole, and, more specifically, to Heritage Management. The clues also indicated that the application of the principles of modern architecture should be considered critically, as well as it should be sought the recovery of traditions – to be used as references to present interventions - if there is the will to establish, recover and keep the Symbolic Sustainability of urban environments.
A pesquisa nasceu do trabalho com a Gestão do Patrimônio e a constatação de que existiu, com a inserção da arquitetura moderna, uma ruptura formal e conceitual até então inédita. Daí surgiram duas questões: 1 - pode haver um valor intrínseco no Patrimônio, que não é nem de troca nem de uso, mas um valor simbólico, que independe e é mais amplo que os outros dois; 2 - a arquitetura moderna pode ser considerada como um fator de degeneração do valor simbólico dos ambientes. Considerando o contexto da crise ambiental global (a respeito da qual costumam ser considerados majoritariamente os aspectos materiais), a questão dos valores ambientais simbólicos e o papel da forma urbana na configuração destes valores, construiu-se a hipótese de uma Sustentabilidade Simbólica, fator de equilíbrio das forças simbólicas presentes no ambiente. Também se construiu a hipótese de que os princípios da arquitetura moderna podem ser indicadores (por contraste) para a compreensão e a avaliação da Sustentabilidade Simbólica. Foi assim buscada uma metodologia que permitisse o estudo destas questões e o teste das hipóteses. Não havendo uma metodologia pronta com estas características, foram buscados nas obras de Bourdieu e Ginzburg fundamentos para o desenvolvimento metodológico; desta busca resultou que aplicar estes princípios à Arqueologia do Tempo Presente deveria ser a referência procurada, pois esta se ocupa da interpretação, a partir das características formais, dos artefatos presentes e disponíveis à abordagem do pesquisador, auxiliada pela análise dos documentos que a informam e complementam. Empreendeu-se a análise de um conjunto de textos modernistas canônicos, cobrindo praticamente todo o século XX; pode-se constatar a fragilidade teórica destes textos, o que evidencia que a adesão ao movimento consiste mais em um tipo de crença, cujos tons políticos convergem com os movimentos voltados a transformar a sociedade a partir ‘de cima’, usando para isso a manipulação e a associação com as forças de controle social. Ficou evidente que a permanência destes textos como peças respeitáveis do pensamento sobre a Arquitetura e as cidades só pode se dar à custa dos princípios da lógica, da autonomia do pensamento ou da submissão às forças sociais dominantes. Pesquisamos os fundamentos e a pertinência das classificações estilísticas correntes; constatamos que elas não correspondem suficientemente àquilo que se pode detectar no confronto com a realidade, mas que, em geral, atendem a interesses de manipulação simbólica. Deduzimos que é possível estabelecer uma simples divisão estilística entre ‘antes’ e ‘depois’ da ruptura modernista, que corresponde ao observado e atendia às necessidades da pesquisa. Expusemos os fundamentos teóricos para uma Ecologia do Ambiente Simbólico; as condições nas quais entendemos a presença da Natureza, apresentando aspectos importantes de obras como as de Ulrich, Guattari, Wilson, etc. Também discutimos a fundamentação de nossa perspectiva sobre a racionalidade e o progresso; comparamos do nosso objeto de estudo (a Forma Urbana) com outros produtos da cultura. A partir da fundamentação apresentada, realizamos a imersão empírica (objetivação participante), pesquisando em 20 cidades de 3 continentes, em busca dos sinais que pudessem oferecer respostas às nossas questões e confirmar nossas hipóteses. O resultado obtido foi que a hipótese da existência da Sustentabilidade Simbólica é verossímil e a aplicação do conceito pode trazer benefícios à Gestão Urbana como um todo, e mais especificamente à Gestão do Patrimônio.
MISTÉRIOS DO VISÍVEL: FORMA ARQUITETÔNICA E SUSTENTABILIDADE SIMBÓLICA NAS CIDADES
FABIANO, FAZION
2019
Abstract
The research was born from the work with Heritage Management and the realization that with the insertion of modern architecture occurred a formal and conceptual rupture until then unseen. Hence two questions arose: 1 - there may be an intrinsic value in Heritage, which is neither of exchange nor of use, but symbolic, which is independent and broader than the other two; 2 - modern architecture can be considered as a factor of degeneration of the symbolic value of environments. Considering the context of the global environmental crisis (about which, usually, are mostly considered the material aspects), the question of symbolic environmental values and the role of urban form in the configuration of these values, it was constructed the hypothesis of a Symbolic Sustainability, a factor of equilibrium of the symbolic forces present in the environment. It was also constructed the hypothesis that the principles of modern architecture can be indicators for assessing Symbolic Sustainability. A methodology was therefore sought to allow the study of these questions and the hypothesis test. Not having available a ready methodology, in the works of Bourdieu (the Symbolic, the anti-positivism, the Fields, the Universal) and Ginzburg (the Evidential Paradigm) were seek foundations for the methodological development; from this resulted that applying these principles to the Archeology of Present Time should be the reference sought, since it deals with the interpretation, from formal characteristics, of the artifacts present and available to the researcher's approach, aided by the analysis of documents that inform and complement it. The analysis of a set of canonical modernist texts was undertake, covering practically the entire twentieth century; it became clear the theoretical fragility of these texts, which shows that adherence to the movement consists more of a kind of belief, whose political tones converge with movements aimed at transforming society 'from the top', using to this end manipulation and associating with the forces of social control. It became evident that the permanence of these texts as respectable pieces of thought about architecture and cities can only occur at the expense of the principles of logic, of the autonomy of thought, or of submission to the dominant social forces. We investigated the fundaments and relevance of current stylistic classifications, and found that they do not correspond to what can be detected in confrontation with reality, but that, in general, they serve interests of symbolic manipulation. We deduced that it is possible to establish a simple stylistic division between 'before' and 'after' the modernist rupture, which corresponds to the observed and met the needs of the research. We exposed the theoretical foundations for an Ecology of the Symbolic Environment and the conditions in which we understand the presence of Nature, presenting aspects of works such as those of Ulrich, Guattari, Wilson, etc. We discussed the rationale of our perspective on rationality and progress; compared our object of study (the Urban Form) with other products of culture (cinema, etc.). Based on the foundations presented, we performed the empirical immersion (participant objectification), researching in 20 cities on 3 continents, in search of signals that could offer answers to our questions and confirm our hypotheses. The result was that the hypothesis of the existence of the Symbolic Sustainability is plausible and the application of the concept can bring benefits to the Urban Management as a whole, and, more specifically, to Heritage Management. The clues also indicated that the application of the principles of modern architecture should be considered critically, as well as it should be sought the recovery of traditions – to be used as references to present interventions - if there is the will to establish, recover and keep the Symbolic Sustainability of urban environments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/118849
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-118849