The small pelagic fish anchovy and sardine are important species in the Adriatic Sea, from both ecological and socio-economic points of view. The annual variability of the relevant stocks is not only due to intense fishing pressure, but it is also strongly affected by environmental conditions that influence the strength of recruitment and the survival of early life stages. My PhD is aimed first to study some ecological traits of early life stages of anchovy and sardine during the main periods of recruitment for the two species, and to analyze how environmental conditions occurring in the Adriatic Sea, at local and seasonal scales, can contribute to determine their abundance and distribution in two nursery areas located off the Po river delta and in the Manfredonia Gulf. Both species faced the spatial and seasonal variability of environmental conditions exhibiting different spawning patterns and a huge feeding plasticity, allowing them to take advantages of the available resources and to coexist in a relatively small basin like the Adriatic Sea. Temperature was the most important factor affecting somatic growth as well as otolith growth in terms of increment formation, deposition rate and width. In addition, it greatly influenced the duration and timing of key ontogenetic steps, such as metamorphosis. Specific physical features such as circulation pattern, mesoscale eddies and fronts played a fundamental role in transport of early-life stages from spawning to nursery areas, providing conditions for increased local production and, consequently, food availability. A synchronization between physical (i.e. water mass dynamic) and biological processes (i.e. food availability, low predation and adult reproductive behaviour) is, therefore, necessary to enhance survival and limit dispersal of early life stages.
I piccoli pesci pelagici, in particolare acciughe e sardine, sono specie molto importanti in Adriatico sia dal punto di vista ecologico che socio-economico. La variabilità annuale degli stocks di queste due specie è dovuta non solo ad un’intensa attività di pesca, ma è anche fortemente condizionata da fattori ambientali che ne determinano il successo del reclutamento e la sopravvivenza dei primi stadi vitali. La mia tesi di dottorato è finalizzata a studiare alcuni aspetti ecologici dei primi stadi di sviluppo di acciughe e sardine durante i principali periodi di reclutamento e ad analizzare come i fattori ambientali presenti in Adriatico possano contribuire, sia a scala locale che stagionale, a determinare la loro abbondanza e distribuzione spaziale in due aree di nursery situate al largo del delta del Po e nel Golfo di Manfredonia. Entrambe le specie fanno fronte ai cambiamenti ambientali adottando differenti strategie riproduttive e alimentari, in modo tale da trarre vantaggio dalle risorse disponibili e da rendere possibile la loro coesistenza in un bacino relativamente ristretto come quello adriatico. Tra le variabili ambientali, la temperatura è una delle più importanti in quanto influenza la crescita somatica come anche la formazione degli otoliti, modificando i tassi di deposizione del carbonato di calcio, numero e ampiezza degli incrementi. Inoltre, può influenzare fortemente anche il periodo e la durata degli stadi di sviluppo ontogenetico (es. metamorfosi). Infine, specifiche forzanti fisiche del bacino adriatico, come circolazione, vortici e fronti, giocano un ruolo chiave nel trasporto di uova e larve delle due specie dalle aree di deposizione a quelle di nursery, creando le condizioni per un incremento nella produzione primaria locale e, conseguentemente, una maggiore disponibilità di cibo. Una sincronizzazione tra processi fisici (es. dinamica delle masse d’acqua) e processi biologici (es. disponibilità di cibo, bassa predazione e comportamento riproduttivo degli adulti) è, perciò, necessaria per aumentare la probabilità di sopravvivenza dei primi stadi di vita delle due specie. e limitarne la dispersione.
Ecology of early life stages of small pelagic fishes Engraulis Encrasicolus and Sardina pilchardus in the Adriatic Sea
Monica, Panfili
2012
Abstract
The small pelagic fish anchovy and sardine are important species in the Adriatic Sea, from both ecological and socio-economic points of view. The annual variability of the relevant stocks is not only due to intense fishing pressure, but it is also strongly affected by environmental conditions that influence the strength of recruitment and the survival of early life stages. My PhD is aimed first to study some ecological traits of early life stages of anchovy and sardine during the main periods of recruitment for the two species, and to analyze how environmental conditions occurring in the Adriatic Sea, at local and seasonal scales, can contribute to determine their abundance and distribution in two nursery areas located off the Po river delta and in the Manfredonia Gulf. Both species faced the spatial and seasonal variability of environmental conditions exhibiting different spawning patterns and a huge feeding plasticity, allowing them to take advantages of the available resources and to coexist in a relatively small basin like the Adriatic Sea. Temperature was the most important factor affecting somatic growth as well as otolith growth in terms of increment formation, deposition rate and width. In addition, it greatly influenced the duration and timing of key ontogenetic steps, such as metamorphosis. Specific physical features such as circulation pattern, mesoscale eddies and fronts played a fundamental role in transport of early-life stages from spawning to nursery areas, providing conditions for increased local production and, consequently, food availability. A synchronization between physical (i.e. water mass dynamic) and biological processes (i.e. food availability, low predation and adult reproductive behaviour) is, therefore, necessary to enhance survival and limit dispersal of early life stages.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/121374
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-121374