The complexity of neoplastic pathology is a feature that has become increasingly evident in recent decades both at the clinical and at the molecular level. The rapid advancement of molecular biology has made it possible to gather an enormous amount of information about the genes and proteins allegedly involved in the genesis and progression of cancer, while the reductionist perspective, which has dominated cancer research for the past 60 years, has incorporated into increasingly detailed and complex interpretative models. However, the analysis of the scientific literature has shown that an essential definition of the pathology is still missing and that some paradoxes have undermined the explanatory potential of the aforementioned models. At the same time, a generalized tendency has emerged to consider cancer as a dynamic process, the explanation of which requires a systemic approach. On this basis and by distancing oneself from the reductionist perspective (whose most representative theory is often identified as Somatic Mutation Theory, SMT), a new theory (Tissue Organization Field Theory, TOFT) has arisen and new interpretative models have taken hold starting from a organicist perspective. The anti-reductionism that characterizes them partly justifies the clear contrast that is perceived in the scientific debate between these two positions, but this reflects in its main terms the elements that also underlie the question of reductionism and anti-reductionism in the Philosophy of Contemporary Science in general. and in the Philosophy of Biology in particular. Starting from the categories defined in this context and supporting the study on the most shared characteristics of neoplastic pathology, such as its dynamism, heterogeneity and the stochasticity with which various elements appear along the neoplastic process, we have analyzed the philosophical assumptions underlying the two dominant positions . The effort to clarify the biological and philosophical concepts adopted in the explanatory argument has however highlighted an asymmetry between the assumptions of the interpretative models linked to the reductionist and anti-reductionist perspective. This asymmetry is expressed in three aspects: (a) from a methodological point of view, the two dominant theories do not seem to account for the same organizational principles that underlie the genesis of cancer and the evolution of the neoplastic process; (b) from the epistemological point of view they focus on two different aspects of the scientific explanation, suggesting that the two theories may constitute, within certain terms, two non-alternative options; the emphasis placed on two different types of systems partially justifies these first two divergences; (c) opens the way to some considerations on the nature of biological reference systems which, from an ontological point of view, clearly appeal to different philosophical perspectives. These considerations have made it possible to integrate some reflections, already present in the literature, which perceived cancer as a non-adaptive phenomenon, through an Individual Systemic Perspective which emphasizes the ontological priority of the organism over its functional parts and the specificity of the relationality that characterizes, thus redefining cancer as a phenomenon linked to a lack of selective pressure. The critical study of reductionism in cancer research has highlighted, in addition to its valid contributions, some reasons for its limitations. He also referred to a broader reflection on the inadequacy of this philosophical perspective in Biology and to the biological and philosophical presuppositions of the desirable anti-reductionist position in experimental research through an Integrative Approach capable of recovering also a reductionist methodology and epistemology in a broader perspective. The extension of the notion of cause and an epistemology more open to the multiplicity of manifestations of natural phenomena thus arise as necessary conditions for the progress of scientific knowledge in the face of the challenge posed by the specific complexity of living organisms. The continuity between knowledge and practice, which underlies the evolution of the interpretative models of cancer, finally refers to the ethical value of a well-done research work. This implies a greater awareness of the presuppositions, including philosophical ones, of every scientific activity and brings with it a great confidence in human reason which, in full adherence to experimental reality, is continually in search of new explanatory categories and chooses the most suitable ones for empirical investigation, but which also knows how to appropriately revise its premises when logical coherence conflicts with evidence.
La complessità della patologia neoplastica è una caratteristica che è apparsa sempre più evidente negli ultimi decenni tanto a livello clinico che molecolare. Il rapido progresso della biologia molecolare ha consentito di raccogliere un'ingente quantità di informazioni circa i geni e le proteine presumibilmente coinvolti nella genesi e nella progressione del cancro, mentre la prospettiva riduzionista, che ha dominato la ricerca sul cancro negli ultimi 60 anni, le ha incorporate in modelli interpretativi sempre più dettagliati e complessi. L'analisi della letteratura scientifica tuttavia ha dimostrato che manca ancora una definizione essenziale della patologia e che alcuni paradossi hanno messo in crisi il potenziale esplicativo dei suddetti modelli. Allo stesso tempo ne è emersa la tendenza generalizzata a considerare il cancro come un processo dinamico, la cui spiegazione richiede un approccio sistemico. Su questa base e prendendo le distanze dalla prospettiva riduzionista (la cui teoria più rappresentativa è spesso identificata come Somatic Mutation Theory, SMT), è sorta una nuova teoria (Tissue Organization Field Theory, TOFT) e nuovi modelli interpretativi hanno preso piede muovendo da una prospettiva organicista. L'antiriduzionismo che li caratterizza giustifica in parte la netta contrapposizione che si percepisce nel dibattito scientifico tra queste due posizioni, ma questo riflette nei suoi termini principali gli elementi che stanno alla base anche della questione del riduzionismo e antiriduzionismo nella Filosofia della Scienza contemporanea in generale e nella Filosofia della Biologia in particolare. A partire dalle categorie definite in questo contesto e appoggiando lo studio sulle caratteristiche più condivise della patologia neoplastica, quali la sua dinamicità, eterogeneità e la stocasticità con cui diversi elementi appaiono lungo il processo neoplastico, abbiamo analizzato i presupposti filosofici che sottostanno alle due posizioni dominanti. Lo sforzo per far chiarezza sui concetti biologici e filosofici adottati nell'argomentazione esplicativa ha messo però in evidenza un'asimmetria tra i presupposti dei modelli interpretativi legati alla prospettiva riduzionista e antiriduzionista. Tale asimmetria si esplicita in tre versanti: (a) dal punto di vista metodologico le due teorie dominanti non sembrano dar conto degli stessi principi organizzativi che sottostanno alla genesi del cancro e all'evoluzione del processo neoplastico; (b) dal punto di vista epistemologico si centrano su due diversi aspetti della spiegazione scientifica, facendo pensare che le due teorie possano costituire, entro certi termini, due opzioni non alternative; l’enfasi che è posta su due diversi tipi di sistemi giustifica in parte queste prime due divergenze; (c) apre la strada ad alcune considerazioni sulla natura dei sistemi biologici di riferimento che da un punto di vista ontologico, si appellano chiaramente a prospettive filosofiche diverse. Queste considerazioni hanno consentito di integrare alcune riflessioni, già presenti nella letteratura, che percepivano il cancro come un fenomeno non adattativo, attraverso una Prospettiva Sistemica Individuale in cui si sottolinea la priorità ontologica dell'organismo sulle sue parti funzionali e la specificità della relazionalità che lo caratterizza, ridefinendo così il cancro come un fenomeno legato ad una mancanza di pressione selettiva. Lo studio critico del riduzionismo nella ricerca sul cancro ha messo in evidenza, oltre ai suoi validi contributi, alcune ragioni dei suoi limiti. Ha rimandato inoltre ad una riflessione più ampia sull'inadeguatezza di tale prospettiva filosofica in Biologia e ai presupposti biologici e filosofici della posizione antiriduzionista auspicabile nella ricerca sperimentale mediante un Approccio Integrativo capace di recuperare anche una metodologia ed epistemologia riduzionista in una prospettiva più ampia. L'estensione della nozione di causa e un'epistemologia più aperta alla molteplicità di manifestazioni dei fenomeni naturali si pongono così come condizioni necessarie per il progresso della conoscenza scientifica nei confronti della sfida posta dalla complessità specifica degli organismi viventi. La continuità tra conoscenza e prassi, che sta alla base dell'evoluzione dei modelli interpretativi del cancro, rimanda infine alla valenza anche etica di un lavoro di ricerca ben fatto. Questa implica una maggior consapevolezza dei presupposti, anche filosofici, di ogni attività scientifica e porta con sé una grande fiducia nella ragione umana che, in adesione piena alla realtà sperimentale, è continuamente alla ricerca di nuove categorie esplicative e sceglie quelle più adeguate per l'indagine empirica, ma che sa anche rivederne opportunamente le premesse quando la coerenza logica entra in conflitto con l'evidenza.
Il Processo Neoplastico: uno Studio dei Modelli Interpretativi del Cancro dal punto di vista dei loro Presupposti ed Implicazioni Filosofiche
BERTOLASO, MARTA
2011
Abstract
The complexity of neoplastic pathology is a feature that has become increasingly evident in recent decades both at the clinical and at the molecular level. The rapid advancement of molecular biology has made it possible to gather an enormous amount of information about the genes and proteins allegedly involved in the genesis and progression of cancer, while the reductionist perspective, which has dominated cancer research for the past 60 years, has incorporated into increasingly detailed and complex interpretative models. However, the analysis of the scientific literature has shown that an essential definition of the pathology is still missing and that some paradoxes have undermined the explanatory potential of the aforementioned models. At the same time, a generalized tendency has emerged to consider cancer as a dynamic process, the explanation of which requires a systemic approach. On this basis and by distancing oneself from the reductionist perspective (whose most representative theory is often identified as Somatic Mutation Theory, SMT), a new theory (Tissue Organization Field Theory, TOFT) has arisen and new interpretative models have taken hold starting from a organicist perspective. The anti-reductionism that characterizes them partly justifies the clear contrast that is perceived in the scientific debate between these two positions, but this reflects in its main terms the elements that also underlie the question of reductionism and anti-reductionism in the Philosophy of Contemporary Science in general. and in the Philosophy of Biology in particular. Starting from the categories defined in this context and supporting the study on the most shared characteristics of neoplastic pathology, such as its dynamism, heterogeneity and the stochasticity with which various elements appear along the neoplastic process, we have analyzed the philosophical assumptions underlying the two dominant positions . The effort to clarify the biological and philosophical concepts adopted in the explanatory argument has however highlighted an asymmetry between the assumptions of the interpretative models linked to the reductionist and anti-reductionist perspective. This asymmetry is expressed in three aspects: (a) from a methodological point of view, the two dominant theories do not seem to account for the same organizational principles that underlie the genesis of cancer and the evolution of the neoplastic process; (b) from the epistemological point of view they focus on two different aspects of the scientific explanation, suggesting that the two theories may constitute, within certain terms, two non-alternative options; the emphasis placed on two different types of systems partially justifies these first two divergences; (c) opens the way to some considerations on the nature of biological reference systems which, from an ontological point of view, clearly appeal to different philosophical perspectives. These considerations have made it possible to integrate some reflections, already present in the literature, which perceived cancer as a non-adaptive phenomenon, through an Individual Systemic Perspective which emphasizes the ontological priority of the organism over its functional parts and the specificity of the relationality that characterizes, thus redefining cancer as a phenomenon linked to a lack of selective pressure. The critical study of reductionism in cancer research has highlighted, in addition to its valid contributions, some reasons for its limitations. He also referred to a broader reflection on the inadequacy of this philosophical perspective in Biology and to the biological and philosophical presuppositions of the desirable anti-reductionist position in experimental research through an Integrative Approach capable of recovering also a reductionist methodology and epistemology in a broader perspective. The extension of the notion of cause and an epistemology more open to the multiplicity of manifestations of natural phenomena thus arise as necessary conditions for the progress of scientific knowledge in the face of the challenge posed by the specific complexity of living organisms. The continuity between knowledge and practice, which underlies the evolution of the interpretative models of cancer, finally refers to the ethical value of a well-done research work. This implies a greater awareness of the presuppositions, including philosophical ones, of every scientific activity and brings with it a great confidence in human reason which, in full adherence to experimental reality, is continually in search of new explanatory categories and chooses the most suitable ones for empirical investigation, but which also knows how to appropriately revise its premises when logical coherence conflicts with evidence.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/122664
URN:NBN:IT:UNICAMPUS-122664