Introduction Bone is the most common site of metastatic invasion in breast cancer. Skeletal metastases from breast cancer are mostly osteolytic, with histological evidence of increased number and activity of osteoclasts. It is well known that the RANK / RANKL / OPG axis controls osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. In particular, the RANKL / RANK / OPG signal is unregulated in various tumors, such as breast cancer, malignant bone tumors and multiple myeloma. Recent data have shown that human breast cancer cell lines and tissue samples express the RANK protein on their surface and it has been suggested that RANKL may act as a chemotactic factor for these cancer cells. The bone microenvironment is a rich source of RANKL which can stimulate RANK-expressing tumor cells to migrate to bone. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are defined as cells that detach from the site of a primary or metastatic tumor and that circulate in the peripheral blood and can establish themselves in secondary sites forming metastases. It is hypothesized that the homing and diffusion of CTCs to bone could be stimulated by the chemotactic attraction exerted by the presence of the RANKL reservoir on the RANK-positive CTCs. Denosumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody against RANKL, has been shown to prevent or delay related skeletal events in patients with solid tumors that have metastasized to bone. Given the pro-metastatic effect of RANKL, it is reasonable to assume that denosumab may have an antitumor effect through its activity on RANK-positive CTCs. Objectives 1. To identify, for the first time in the literature, the existence of RANK positive CTCs in the blood of breast cancer patients with bone metastases. 2. To evaluate the possible ability of denosumab to modulate the number and type of CTCs in these patients. 3. To evaluate the correlation between the RANK positive CTC counts and the evolution of skeletal and extra-skeletal disease. Materials and methods 56 patients, aged between 32 and 89 years, with breast cancer and bone metastases were enrolled. Patients underwent treatment with denosumab. During the treatment period a blood sample was taken for the evaluation of CTCs, observing in particular the subpopulation of RANK positive CTCs. The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood of the patients enrolled in the present study were analyzed at time 0 and days 2, 7, 14, 28 from the first administration of denosumab. For clinical characteristics and molecular factors, frequency analysis was performed with Fisher's exact test and chi-square test. Whole blood CTC counts are performed with the CellSearchTM Kit. For patient clinical outcomes, survival distributions were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the significance of differences in survival rates was assessed using the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis, using the Cox proportional hazards model, was used to assess the independent contribution of each variable to progression-free skeletal survival. All statistical calculations were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) or GraphPad Prism (version 5, San Diego, CA). Results 1. Identification of the existence of CTC RANK positive in the blood. The study demonstrated for the first time that RANK expression is detectable by the CellSearch® method on CTCs in enrolled patients. The preliminary results obtained from the first 44 enrolled patients did not show significant differences in terms of percentage of CTC RANK positive in the different molecular phenotypes of breast cancer. The analysis was subsequently extended to all 56 patients. 2. Evaluation of the effect of denosumab on the number of RANK + / RANK CTCs on treatment Preliminary results show a significant decrease in the number of RANKpos CTCs after 2 days of denosumab therapy compared to the number of RANKpos CTCs at baseline. On the other hand, the number of RANKneg CTCs does not decrease in response to denosumab treatment, suggesting a specific effect on the subset of RANK positive CTCs. 3. Correlation between the RANK + / RANK- CTC counts and the evolution of skeletal and extra-skeletal disease. The study showed that patients with CTC RANK positive who have a stable or increased dose of these at day 2 after denosumab administration have a delay in the presentation of the first skeletal related event (SRE) (39 months for CTC RANK + increased or stable vs 18 months in CTC RANK + reduced). The analysis of the time to bone progression as a function of the CTC RANK + \ RANK- setting, while not proving significant (p = 0.396), showed that the patients who have an advantage in terms of time to bone progression are those who have a CTC RANK count- (37 months vs 22 months in CTC RANK positive patients). The analysis of time to visceral progression as a function of CTC RANK + \ RANK was statistically significant (p = 0.011), demonstrating that CTC RANK- patients have an advantage in terms of time to visceral progression (39 months in CTC patients RANK- vs 9 months for CTC RANK + patients). Finally, the time to the appearance of the first SRE was evaluated as a function of the CTC RANK + \ RANK- set-up. In this case, the analysis showed a p = 0.058, confirming also in this case that patients with CTC RANK- have an advantage in terms of the appearance of the first SRE (29 months vs 19 months for CTC RANK + patients). Discussion and conclusions The trial demonstrated the presence of the RANK receptor on human CTCs using a method, the Cell Search, widely validated clinically. Furthermore the presence of CTC RANK + would seem to confer a worse prognosis in terms of time to visceral progression of the disease. Denosumab, on the other hand, would seem to modulate the CTC RANK + share without changing the CTC RANK- share. Ultimately, the study found a counterintuitive relationship between the decrease in RANK + CTCs at 2 days after the administration of Denosumab and the increase in time to the I SRE. Continuing the study by expanding the series and the number of follow-ups, could lead to the consideration of RANK as a predictor marker of response to a drug that revolutionizes the clinical history of patients with bone metastases and contributes to the improvement of the quality of life in patients suffering from this pathology.
Introduzione L'osso è il sito più comune di invasione metastatica nel carcinoma mammario. Le metastasi scheletriche da carcinoma mammario sono per lo più osteolitiche, con evidenza istologica di un aumento del numero e l'attività degli osteoclasti. E' ben noto che l'asse RANK/RANKL/OPG controlla l'osteoclastogenesi ed il riassorbimento osseo. In particolare il segnale RANKL/RANK/OPG è sregolato in diversi tumori, come il carcinoma mammario, i tumori ossei maligni ed il mieloma multiplo. Dati recenti hanno dimostrato che le linee cellulari umane di carcinoma mammario ed i campioni di tessuto esprimono la proteina RANK sulla loro superficie ed è stato suggerito che RANKL può agire come fattore chemiotattico per queste cellule tumorali. Il microambiente osseo è una ricca fonte di RANKL che può stimolare le cellule tumorali che esprimono RANK a migrare fino all'osso. Le cellule tumorali circolanti (CTC) vengono definite come le cellule che si staccano dal sito di un tumore primario o metastatico e che circolano nel sangue periferico potendo stabilirsi in siti secondari formando metastasi. Si ipotizza che l'homing e la diffusione delle CTC all'osso potrebbero essere stimolati dall'attrazione chemiotattica esercitata dalla presenza del reservoir di RANKL sulle CTC RANK-positive. Denosumab, un anticorpo monoclonale interamente umanizzato contro RANKL, ha dimostrato di prevenire o ritardare gli eventi scheletrici correlati in pazienti con tumori solidi che hanno metastatizzato alle ossa. Considerato l'effetto pro-metastatico del RANKL, è ragionevole supporre che denosumab potrebbe avere un effetto antitumorale attraverso la sua attività sulle CTC RANK-positive. Obiettivi dello studio 1. Identificare, per la prima volta in letteratura, l'esistenza di CTC RANK positive nel sangue di pazienti affette da neoplasia mammaria con metastasi ossee. 2. Valutare l'eventuale capacità di denosumab di modulare il numero e la tipologia delle CTC in queste pazienti. 3. Valutare la correlazione tra la conta delle CTC RANK positive e l'evoluzione della malattia scheletrica ed extrascheletrica. Materiali e metodi Sono state arruolate 56 pazienti, di età compresa tra 32 e 89 anni, affette da carcinoma della mammella e metastasi ossee. Le pazienti sono state sottoposte a trattamento con denosumab. Durante il periodo di trattamento è stato effettuato un prelievo ematico per la valutazione delle CTC, osservando in particolare la sottopopolazione delle CTC RANK positive. La presenza di cellule tumorali circolanti (CTC) nel sangue periferico dei pazienti arruolati nel presente studio sono state analizzate al tempo 0 e ai giorni 2, 7, 14, 28 dalla prima somministrazione di denosumab. Per le caratteristiche cliniche ed i fattori molecolari, l'analisi di frequenza è stata effettuata con il test esatto di Fisher e il test chi-quadro. La conta delle CTC nel sangue intero è eseguita con il Kit CellSearchTM. Per gli outcome clinici dei pazienti, le distribuzioni di sopravvivenza sono state stimate con il metodo di Kaplan-Meier, e la significatività delle differenze tra i tassi di sopravvivenza è stata accertata utilizzando il log-rank test. L'analisi multivariata, che utilizza il modello dei rischi proporzionali di Cox, è stata utilizzata per valutare il contributo indipendente di ciascuna variabile alla sopravvivenza scheletrica libera da progressione. Tutti i calcoli statistici sono stati eseguiti utilizzando IBM SPSS Statistics (versione 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) o GraphPad Prism (versione 5, San Diego, CA). Risultati 1. Identificazione dell’esistenza di CTC RANK positive nel sangue. Lo studio ha dimostrato per la prima volta che l'espressione di RANK è rilevabile tramite la metodica CellSearch® sulle CTC nelle pazienti arruolate. I risultati preliminari ottenuti dalle prime 44 pazienti arruolate non hanno evidenziato differenze significative in termini di percentuale di CTC RANK positive nei diversi fenotipi molecolari di tumore della mammella. Successivamente l'analisi è stata estesa a tutte le 56 pazienti. 2. Valutazione dell'effetto di denosumab sul numero delle CTC RANK+/RANK in corso di trattamento I risultati preliminari mostrano un calo significativo del numero di CTC RANKpos dopo 2 giorni dalla terapia denosumab rispetto al numero di CTC RANKpos rilevato al tempo basale. D'altra parte, il numero di CTC RANKneg non diminuisce in risposta al trattamento denosumab, suggerendo un effetto specifico sul sottoinsieme delle CTC RANK positive. 3. Correlazione tra la conta delle CTC RANK+/RANK- e l'evoluzione della malattia scheletrica ed extrascheletrica. Lo studio ha mostrato che le pazienti con CTC RANK positive che presentano un dosaggio di queste stabile o incrementato al giorno 2 dalla somministrazione del Denosumab hanno un ritardo nella presentazione del primo skeletal related event (SRE) (39 mesi per CTC RANK+ aumentate o stabili vs 18 mesi in CTC RANK+ ridotte). L'analisi del tempo alla progressione ossea in funzione dell’assetto CTC RANK+\RANK-, pur non dimostrandosi significativa (p = 0.396), ha evidenziato che le pazienti che hanno un vantaggio in termini di tempo alla progressione ossea sono quelle che hanno una conta di CTC RANK- (37 mesi vs 22 mesi nelle pazienti CTC RANK positive). L'analisi del tempo alla progressione viscerale in funzione dell'assetto CTC RANK+\RANK è risultata statisticamente significativa (p = 0.011), dimostrando che le pazienti CTC RANK- hanno un vantaggio in termini di tempo alla progressione viscerale (39 mesi nelle pazienti CTC RANK- vs 9 mesi per pazienti CTC RANK+). Infine è stato valutato il tempo alla comparsa del primo SRE in funzione dell'assetto CTC RANK+\RANK-. In questo caso l'analisi ha evidenziato una p = 0.058, confermando anche in questo caso, che le pazienti con CTC RANK- hanno un vantaggio in termini di comparsa del primo SRE (29 mesi vs 19 mesi per le pazienti CTC RANK+). Discussione e conclusioni Il trial ha dimostrato la presenza del recettore RANK su CTC umane utilizzando una metodica, il Cell Search, ampiamente validata clinicamente. Inoltre la presenza delle CTC RANK+ sembrerebbe conferire una prognosi peggiore in termini di tempo alla progressione viscerale di malattia. Il Denosumab, invece, sembrerebbe modulare la quota delle CTC RANK+ senza modificare la quota delle CTC RANK-. In ultima analisi, nello studio è stata rilevata una relazione controintuitiva fra il decremento delle CTC RANK+ a 2 giorni dalla somministrazione di Denosumab e l’aumento del tempo al I SRE. Proseguire lo studio ampliandone la casistica ed il numero di follow-up, potrebbe portare alla considerazione di RANK come marker predittore di risposta ad un farmaco che rivoluziona la storia clinica dei pazienti con metastasi ossee e contribuire al miglioramento della qualità di vita nelle pazienti affette da questa patologia.
Analisi delle variazioni dinamiche di numero e fenotipo molecolare delle cellule tumorali circolanti RANK positive in pazienti affette da carcinoma mammario con metastasi ossee in trattamento con Denosumab
Luciano, Stumbo
2017
Abstract
Introduction Bone is the most common site of metastatic invasion in breast cancer. Skeletal metastases from breast cancer are mostly osteolytic, with histological evidence of increased number and activity of osteoclasts. It is well known that the RANK / RANKL / OPG axis controls osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. In particular, the RANKL / RANK / OPG signal is unregulated in various tumors, such as breast cancer, malignant bone tumors and multiple myeloma. Recent data have shown that human breast cancer cell lines and tissue samples express the RANK protein on their surface and it has been suggested that RANKL may act as a chemotactic factor for these cancer cells. The bone microenvironment is a rich source of RANKL which can stimulate RANK-expressing tumor cells to migrate to bone. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are defined as cells that detach from the site of a primary or metastatic tumor and that circulate in the peripheral blood and can establish themselves in secondary sites forming metastases. It is hypothesized that the homing and diffusion of CTCs to bone could be stimulated by the chemotactic attraction exerted by the presence of the RANKL reservoir on the RANK-positive CTCs. Denosumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody against RANKL, has been shown to prevent or delay related skeletal events in patients with solid tumors that have metastasized to bone. Given the pro-metastatic effect of RANKL, it is reasonable to assume that denosumab may have an antitumor effect through its activity on RANK-positive CTCs. Objectives 1. To identify, for the first time in the literature, the existence of RANK positive CTCs in the blood of breast cancer patients with bone metastases. 2. To evaluate the possible ability of denosumab to modulate the number and type of CTCs in these patients. 3. To evaluate the correlation between the RANK positive CTC counts and the evolution of skeletal and extra-skeletal disease. Materials and methods 56 patients, aged between 32 and 89 years, with breast cancer and bone metastases were enrolled. Patients underwent treatment with denosumab. During the treatment period a blood sample was taken for the evaluation of CTCs, observing in particular the subpopulation of RANK positive CTCs. The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood of the patients enrolled in the present study were analyzed at time 0 and days 2, 7, 14, 28 from the first administration of denosumab. For clinical characteristics and molecular factors, frequency analysis was performed with Fisher's exact test and chi-square test. Whole blood CTC counts are performed with the CellSearchTM Kit. For patient clinical outcomes, survival distributions were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the significance of differences in survival rates was assessed using the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis, using the Cox proportional hazards model, was used to assess the independent contribution of each variable to progression-free skeletal survival. All statistical calculations were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) or GraphPad Prism (version 5, San Diego, CA). Results 1. Identification of the existence of CTC RANK positive in the blood. The study demonstrated for the first time that RANK expression is detectable by the CellSearch® method on CTCs in enrolled patients. The preliminary results obtained from the first 44 enrolled patients did not show significant differences in terms of percentage of CTC RANK positive in the different molecular phenotypes of breast cancer. The analysis was subsequently extended to all 56 patients. 2. Evaluation of the effect of denosumab on the number of RANK + / RANK CTCs on treatment Preliminary results show a significant decrease in the number of RANKpos CTCs after 2 days of denosumab therapy compared to the number of RANKpos CTCs at baseline. On the other hand, the number of RANKneg CTCs does not decrease in response to denosumab treatment, suggesting a specific effect on the subset of RANK positive CTCs. 3. Correlation between the RANK + / RANK- CTC counts and the evolution of skeletal and extra-skeletal disease. The study showed that patients with CTC RANK positive who have a stable or increased dose of these at day 2 after denosumab administration have a delay in the presentation of the first skeletal related event (SRE) (39 months for CTC RANK + increased or stable vs 18 months in CTC RANK + reduced). The analysis of the time to bone progression as a function of the CTC RANK + \ RANK- setting, while not proving significant (p = 0.396), showed that the patients who have an advantage in terms of time to bone progression are those who have a CTC RANK count- (37 months vs 22 months in CTC RANK positive patients). The analysis of time to visceral progression as a function of CTC RANK + \ RANK was statistically significant (p = 0.011), demonstrating that CTC RANK- patients have an advantage in terms of time to visceral progression (39 months in CTC patients RANK- vs 9 months for CTC RANK + patients). Finally, the time to the appearance of the first SRE was evaluated as a function of the CTC RANK + \ RANK- set-up. In this case, the analysis showed a p = 0.058, confirming also in this case that patients with CTC RANK- have an advantage in terms of the appearance of the first SRE (29 months vs 19 months for CTC RANK + patients). Discussion and conclusions The trial demonstrated the presence of the RANK receptor on human CTCs using a method, the Cell Search, widely validated clinically. Furthermore the presence of CTC RANK + would seem to confer a worse prognosis in terms of time to visceral progression of the disease. Denosumab, on the other hand, would seem to modulate the CTC RANK + share without changing the CTC RANK- share. Ultimately, the study found a counterintuitive relationship between the decrease in RANK + CTCs at 2 days after the administration of Denosumab and the increase in time to the I SRE. Continuing the study by expanding the series and the number of follow-ups, could lead to the consideration of RANK as a predictor marker of response to a drug that revolutionizes the clinical history of patients with bone metastases and contributes to the improvement of the quality of life in patients suffering from this pathology.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/122838
URN:NBN:IT:UNICAMPUS-122838