The pomegranate plant fruit is an important nutraceutical food rich in phenolic compounds. Morphological features of several Sicilian and international pomegranate accessions were studied in fruit and phisyco-chemical characteristics, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA), sugars and mineral were analysed in fruit juice. New polymorphic SSR markers involved in the anthocyanin pathway, were developed and used in addition to literature-derived SSRs to analyse genetic diversity among cultivars. Furthermore, seed germination physiology was also investigated, evaluating the response to Gibberellic acid and KNO3 treatments. The polyphenolic profiles, including anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins were detected by LC-PDA Orbitrap FTMS in some pomegranate juices and in leaves, flower and during fruit development of two different pomegranate cultivars differing for their arils colour Wonderful (WD) and Valenciana (VL). Furthermore, the effect of overexpression of an important flavonoid regulatory genes complex, MYB-bHLH-WD40, on Nicotiana benthamiana was investigated by agroinfiltration. Expression levels of some genes involved in anthocyanins pathways was examined in leaf, flower and during pomegranate fruit developmental stages of both coloured accessions. The study showed a high variability between Sicilian genotypes, which differed from the international genotypes in aril and in juice yields, showing higher values than Wonderful One, and in addition significant differences in TPC and AA were observed between them. Glucose and fructose were confirmed as the main sugars in juice with a glucose / fructose ratio between 0.9 and 1.3. Among the mineral salts analyzed potassium was found the most abundant element. A positive correlation was found between morphological, biochemical and microsatellite data and a high percentage of seed germination was observed in some of Sicilian genotypes. Significant differences in phenolic compounds were found among different juices examined and the greatest quantity of anthocyanins was found in Wonderful cultivar, while punicalagins were prevalent in Wonderful One (WDI). In addition, VL showed some bio-agronomic and juice composition characteristics similar to those of some Sicilian genotypes studied, but different from WD. Interesting results emerged from the metabolomic analysis of phenolic compounds in leaves, flowers and at different stages of fruit development of VL and WD cv. In particular, we observed an increase of anthocyanins and a decrease of hydrolysable tannins during fruit ripening stages both cv, while at maturation the WD arils were richer in derivatives of cyanidin and delphinidin differentiating from those of VL that were rich in pelargonidine-3-glucoside. Among PgMYB genes agroinfiltrated in N. benthamiana leaves, PgMYB2 with PgbHLH resulted in a significant production of dihydroflavonols typical compounds of the flavonoids pathway. Gene expression assays during the fruit development stages showed that the expression of PgMYB2 decreased with aril ripening, while it is mainly expressed in flower and partly in unripe fruit. These results together with those of overexpression in Nicotiana suggest that the PgMYB2 and PgbHLH genes are involved in the early stage of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in the production of flavonoids, and in particular dihydroflavonols. On the other hand, the expression levels of PgMYB1, PgMYB1.2, PgCHS, PgF3 5 H, PgDFR and PgUFGT increased with the fruit development of WD cv, following the same trend of anthocyanins, suggesting that these genes are involved with the biosynthesis of anthocyanins.
Il frutto della pianta di melograno è un importante alimento nutraceutico ricco di composti fenolici. Caratteristiche morfologiche di diverse accessioni siciliane e internazionali di melograno sono state analizzate sul frutto e parametri fisico-chimici, contenuto fenolico totale (TPC), attività antiossidante (AA), zuccheri e minerali sono stati valutati sul succo. Nuovi marcatori SSR polimorfici coinvolti nella via delle antocianine sono stati identificati e studiati in aggiunta a SSR presenti in letteratura, al fine di analizzare la diversità genetica tra le cv. Inoltre, la fisiologia della germinazione dei semi è stata studiata valutandone la risposta a trattamenti con acido gibberellico e con KNO3. Il profilo polifenolico, comprendente antocianine e tannini idrolizzabili è stato rilevato mediante LC-PDA Orbitrap FTMS in diversi succhi di melograno, in foglie, fiori e durante le fasi di sviluppo del frutto delle cv Wonderful (WD) e Valenciana (VL), differenti per il colore degli arilli. Inoltre, l effetto della sovraespressione del complesso regolatorio della biosintesi dei flavonoidi, MYB-bHLH-WD40, è stato studiato mediante agroinfiltrazione su diversi gruppi metabolici di Nicotiana benthamiana. Il livello di espressione di alcuni geni coinvolti nella via delle antocianine è stato esaminato in foglie, fiori e durante le fasi di sviluppo del frutto del melograno di entrambe le accessioni colorate. Lo studio ha evidenziato un elevata diversità tra i genotipi siciliani, i quali si sono differenziati rispetto ai genotipi internazionali in resa in arilli e in succo, mostrando valori più alti rispetto a Wonderful One (WDI), ed inoltre significative differenze sono emerse anche in TPC e AA. Glucosio e fruttosio si sono confermati i principali zuccheri presenti nel succo con rapporto glucosio/fruttosio tra 0,9 e 1,3. Tra i minerali analizzati il potassio è risultato l elemento più abbondante. Una correlazione è stata riscontrata tra i dati morfologici, biochimici e gli SSR, mentre un'alta percentuale di germinazione è stata osservata in alcuni dei genotipi siciliani. Differenze significative nei composti fenolici sono state trovate tra i diversi succhi esaminati, in particolare WD ha mostrato il maggiore quantitativo di antocianine, mentre le punicalagine sono risultate prevalenti nel succo di WDI. Inoltre, VL ha mostrato alcune caratteristiche bioagronomiche e di composizione del succo simili a quelle di alcuni dei genotipi siciliani studiati, ma differenti da WD. Interessanti risultati sono emersi dall analisi metabolomica dei composti fenolici in foglie, in fiori e in diverse fasi di sviluppo del frutto delle due accessioni. In particolare, in ambedue le cv, durante l accrescimento degli arilli, è stato osservato un aumento del contenuto di antocianine e una diminuzione di tannini idrolizzabili, mentre a maturazione commerciale gli arilli di WD risultavano più ricchi in derivati della cianidina e delfinidina, differenziandosi da quelli di VL più ricchi in pelargonidin-3-glucoside. Tra i geni studiati mediante agroinfiltrazione nelle foglie di N. benthamiana, PgMYB2&PgbHLH ha determinato una produzione significativa di diidroflavonoli tipici della via dei flavonoidi. Dalle successive prove di espressione genica durante le fasi di sviluppo del frutto di melograno è emerso che l espressione di PgMYB2 diminuisce con la maturazione degli arilli, prevalentemente espresso nel fiore ed in parte nel frutto immaturo. Questi risultati insieme a quelli della sovraespressione in Nicotiana suggeriscono che i geni PgMYB2 e PgbHLH siano coinvolti nelle prime fasi della via di biosintesi delle antocianine nella produzione di flavonoidi, ed in particolare di diidroflavonoli. Di contro, i livelli di espressione di PgMYB1, PgMYB1.2, PgCHS, PgF3'5'H, PgDFR e PgUFGT che aumentano con lo sviluppo del frutto della cv WD, seguendo lo stesso andamento delle antocianine, suggeriscono che questi geni siano coinvolti nella biosintesi delle antocianine.
Study of bioactive compounds and genes involved in their biosynthesis in Punica granatum L.
ARLOTTA, CARMEN
2018
Abstract
The pomegranate plant fruit is an important nutraceutical food rich in phenolic compounds. Morphological features of several Sicilian and international pomegranate accessions were studied in fruit and phisyco-chemical characteristics, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA), sugars and mineral were analysed in fruit juice. New polymorphic SSR markers involved in the anthocyanin pathway, were developed and used in addition to literature-derived SSRs to analyse genetic diversity among cultivars. Furthermore, seed germination physiology was also investigated, evaluating the response to Gibberellic acid and KNO3 treatments. The polyphenolic profiles, including anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins were detected by LC-PDA Orbitrap FTMS in some pomegranate juices and in leaves, flower and during fruit development of two different pomegranate cultivars differing for their arils colour Wonderful (WD) and Valenciana (VL). Furthermore, the effect of overexpression of an important flavonoid regulatory genes complex, MYB-bHLH-WD40, on Nicotiana benthamiana was investigated by agroinfiltration. Expression levels of some genes involved in anthocyanins pathways was examined in leaf, flower and during pomegranate fruit developmental stages of both coloured accessions. The study showed a high variability between Sicilian genotypes, which differed from the international genotypes in aril and in juice yields, showing higher values than Wonderful One, and in addition significant differences in TPC and AA were observed between them. Glucose and fructose were confirmed as the main sugars in juice with a glucose / fructose ratio between 0.9 and 1.3. Among the mineral salts analyzed potassium was found the most abundant element. A positive correlation was found between morphological, biochemical and microsatellite data and a high percentage of seed germination was observed in some of Sicilian genotypes. Significant differences in phenolic compounds were found among different juices examined and the greatest quantity of anthocyanins was found in Wonderful cultivar, while punicalagins were prevalent in Wonderful One (WDI). In addition, VL showed some bio-agronomic and juice composition characteristics similar to those of some Sicilian genotypes studied, but different from WD. Interesting results emerged from the metabolomic analysis of phenolic compounds in leaves, flowers and at different stages of fruit development of VL and WD cv. In particular, we observed an increase of anthocyanins and a decrease of hydrolysable tannins during fruit ripening stages both cv, while at maturation the WD arils were richer in derivatives of cyanidin and delphinidin differentiating from those of VL that were rich in pelargonidine-3-glucoside. Among PgMYB genes agroinfiltrated in N. benthamiana leaves, PgMYB2 with PgbHLH resulted in a significant production of dihydroflavonols typical compounds of the flavonoids pathway. Gene expression assays during the fruit development stages showed that the expression of PgMYB2 decreased with aril ripening, while it is mainly expressed in flower and partly in unripe fruit. These results together with those of overexpression in Nicotiana suggest that the PgMYB2 and PgbHLH genes are involved in the early stage of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in the production of flavonoids, and in particular dihydroflavonols. On the other hand, the expression levels of PgMYB1, PgMYB1.2, PgCHS, PgF3 5 H, PgDFR and PgUFGT increased with the fruit development of WD cv, following the same trend of anthocyanins, suggesting that these genes are involved with the biosynthesis of anthocyanins.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/124273
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-124273