Intentional or unintentional release of organic or inorganic pollutants in the soil causes serious consequences both for the environment and public health (toxicity and carcinogenicity). Heavy metals are non-degradable and persistent pollutants in the environment and they may have teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are elements difficult to treat and they can also cause carcinogenicity and toxicity in humans. Different techniques have been used for the remediation of contaminated soils, but the phytoremediation is proposed as an alternative environmentally friendly and cost-effective than conventional chemical-physical techniques. The phytoremediation exploits the physiological characteristics of the plants in order to remove or reduce the presence of pollutants in soil. It is possible to implement this technique using various plant species able to accumulate inorganic contaminants such as heavy metals or degrade, with the help of micro-organisms of the rhizosphere, various organic contaminants; furthermore, the biomass produced can be used for other purposes, such as cogeneration of energy and/or production of biofuels, obtaining benefits for the health, environment and cost management. The efficiency of the phytoremediation processes can be increased through the use of various microorganisms (fungi, yeasts, bacteria) that normally inhabit the rhizosphere, establishing symbiotic relationships and thus facilitating the absorption and/or degradation of the contaminants. In this research project was performed the in vitro experimentation with three microorganisms (Trichoderma harzianum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Wicherhamomyces anomalus) to test their potential of bioaccumulation to nine heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cu, As, V, Pb, Zn, Cr and Hg) and their potential of metabolization to sixteen PAHs, defined as priority by the US EPA, in order to evaluate their possible application in phytoremediation processes. Tests in the greenhouse have seen the use of the plant Arundo donax (Giant reed) and A. donax in symbiotic relationship with T. harzianum to establish their ability to accumulate and degrade heavy metals and PAHs respectly. T. harzianum was evaluated as the most suitable microorganism for his anti-pathogenic activity towards other fungi, for the bioaccumulation towards heavy metals and for showing good ability to degrade and metabolize PAHs such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, pyrene and benzo (a) pyrene. A. donax is a plant species that is well suited for the recovery process of contaminated soils by heavy metals and PAHs, because it produces a good quantity of biomass, it is not palatable to the animals, it is resistant to pests and stress water, therefore, it is able to adapt in inhospitable environments. In this study has emerged as A. donax and the microorganisms used are suited to a possible use in phytoremediation processes. A. donax and A. donax in symbiotic relationship with T. harzianum have shown excellent capacity for survival and development against a contaminated soil with the mix of nine heavy metals and with the mix of sixteen PAHs. This suggests a high resistance to contaminants shown by A. donax, and consequently, a new perspective of study and research for a successful application in the field.
L'immissione intenzionale o accidentale nel suolo di sostanze inquinanti di natura organica o inorganica causa gravi conseguenze sia per l'ambiente che per la salute pubblica (tossicità e cancerogenicità). I metalli pesanti sono elementi non degradabili e quindi persistenti nell'ambiente e possono avere effetti teratogeni, mutageni e cancerogeni; gli idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (IPA) sono elementi difficili da trattare ed anch'essi possono causare cancerogenicità e tossicità nell'uomo. Diverse tecniche sono state utilizzate per la bonifica dei suoli contaminati, ma la fitorimediazione si propone come un'alternativa ecosostenibile e conveniente rispetto alle convenzionali tecniche chimico-fisiche. La fitorimediazione sfrutta le caratteristiche fisiologiche delle piante al fine di rimuovere o ridurre la presenza degli agenti inquinanti nel suolo. Per attuare tale tecnica è possibile impiegare diverse specie vegetali in grado di accumulare i contaminanti inorganici come i metalli pesanti o degradare, con l'aiuto dei microrganismi della rizosfera, diversi contaminanti organici; inoltre, la biomassa prodotta può essere utilizzata per altri scopi, quali la cogenerazione di energia e/o la produzione dei biocarburanti, ottenendo benefici per la salute, l'ambiente e la gestione dei costi. L'efficienza dei processi di fitorimediazione può essere incrementata grazie all'impiego di diversi microrganismi (funghi, lieviti, batteri) che popolano normalmente la rizosfera, instaurando rapporti simbiotici e facilitando così l'assorbimento e/o la degradazione dei contaminanti. In questo lavoro è stata effettuata la sperimentazione in vitro con tre microrganismi (Trichoderma harzianum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Wicherhamomyces anomalus) per testare la loro potenziale capacità bioaccumulatrice nei confronti di nove metalli pesanti (Ni, Cd, Cu, As, V, Pb, Zn, Cr e Hg) e di metabolizzazione dei sedici IPA definiti prioritari dalla U.S. EPA, al fine di valutare la loro possibile applicazione nei processi di fitorimediazione. Le prove di crescita controllata in serra hanno visto l'impiego della specie vegetale Arundo donax e di A. donax micorrizata con T. harzianum, al fine di valutare la loro efficacia nell'accumulare e degradare rispettivamente i metalli pesanti e gli IPA a cui sono stati esposti. T. harzianum è stato valutato come microrganismo più idoneo alla sperimentazione, in particolare per la sua attività anti patogena verso altri funghi infestanti le colture, per la dimostrata capacità di bioaccumulo verso un maggior numero di metalli pesanti e per aver mostrato buone capacità a degradare e metabolizzare diversi IPA come naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, pyrene e benzo(a)pyrene. A. donax è una specie vegetale che ben si presta all'impiego nei processi di recupero dei suoli contaminati da metalli pesanti e IPA, in particolare perché produce una buona quantità di biomassa, non è appetibile per gli animali, resiste ai parassiti e agli stress idrici e, quindi, è in grado di adattarsi in ambienti inospitali. Da questo studio è emerso come A. donax e i microrganismi utilizzati si prestino molto bene ad un eventuale impiego nei processi di fitorimediazione. A. donax sia micorrizata che non, ha mostrato ottime capacità di sopravvivenza e di sviluppo nei confronti di un terreno contaminato sia con il mix di nove metalli pesanti, sia con il mix di sedici IPA. Ciò lascia intendere l'elevata resistenza ai contaminanti palesata da A. donax, e di conseguenza, potrebbero aprirsi nuove prospettive di studio e ricerca per un'applicazione di successo sul campo.
Funghi filamentosi endofitici e prospettive di impiego nella fitorimediazione di suoli contaminati da metalli pesanti e idrocarburi policiclici aromatici
CRISTALDI, ANTONIO
2017
Abstract
Intentional or unintentional release of organic or inorganic pollutants in the soil causes serious consequences both for the environment and public health (toxicity and carcinogenicity). Heavy metals are non-degradable and persistent pollutants in the environment and they may have teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are elements difficult to treat and they can also cause carcinogenicity and toxicity in humans. Different techniques have been used for the remediation of contaminated soils, but the phytoremediation is proposed as an alternative environmentally friendly and cost-effective than conventional chemical-physical techniques. The phytoremediation exploits the physiological characteristics of the plants in order to remove or reduce the presence of pollutants in soil. It is possible to implement this technique using various plant species able to accumulate inorganic contaminants such as heavy metals or degrade, with the help of micro-organisms of the rhizosphere, various organic contaminants; furthermore, the biomass produced can be used for other purposes, such as cogeneration of energy and/or production of biofuels, obtaining benefits for the health, environment and cost management. The efficiency of the phytoremediation processes can be increased through the use of various microorganisms (fungi, yeasts, bacteria) that normally inhabit the rhizosphere, establishing symbiotic relationships and thus facilitating the absorption and/or degradation of the contaminants. In this research project was performed the in vitro experimentation with three microorganisms (Trichoderma harzianum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Wicherhamomyces anomalus) to test their potential of bioaccumulation to nine heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cu, As, V, Pb, Zn, Cr and Hg) and their potential of metabolization to sixteen PAHs, defined as priority by the US EPA, in order to evaluate their possible application in phytoremediation processes. Tests in the greenhouse have seen the use of the plant Arundo donax (Giant reed) and A. donax in symbiotic relationship with T. harzianum to establish their ability to accumulate and degrade heavy metals and PAHs respectly. T. harzianum was evaluated as the most suitable microorganism for his anti-pathogenic activity towards other fungi, for the bioaccumulation towards heavy metals and for showing good ability to degrade and metabolize PAHs such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, pyrene and benzo (a) pyrene. A. donax is a plant species that is well suited for the recovery process of contaminated soils by heavy metals and PAHs, because it produces a good quantity of biomass, it is not palatable to the animals, it is resistant to pests and stress water, therefore, it is able to adapt in inhospitable environments. In this study has emerged as A. donax and the microorganisms used are suited to a possible use in phytoremediation processes. A. donax and A. donax in symbiotic relationship with T. harzianum have shown excellent capacity for survival and development against a contaminated soil with the mix of nine heavy metals and with the mix of sixteen PAHs. This suggests a high resistance to contaminants shown by A. donax, and consequently, a new perspective of study and research for a successful application in the field.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/124331
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-124331