Food processing is required for the safe consumption of products and the extension for the shelf life. These treatments, in particular the thermal ones, may affect protein content inducing aggregation/denaturation and chemical modifications (i.e. the lactosylation, the first step of the Maillard reaction) on proteins. Thus, their properties, such as digestibility and allergenicity may be altered. The aim of this PhD thesis was to study the effects of processing on two of the major allergens present in milk: whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin. A UPLC-MS analytical method was developed for the detection of lactosylated whey proteins in milk samples. This method was used to determine that the UV treatment, a possible alternative to pasteurization, does not alter the lactosylation degree significantly. A screening on different pasteurized and UHT milk samples lead to the identification of lactosylation sites in the known epitopes reported in literature for the two proteins. Thus, a procedure for the synthesis of the epitopes in the lactosylated form was developed. This study was then focused on whey protein products due to their large use as food additives. The effects of the storage conditions on whey protein concentrates (WPC-35, provided by FrieslandCampina) were investigated. Storage conditions applied (up to 60°C and up to 14 days) induced some modifications on the protein content (i.e. lactosylation, aggregation/denaturation, chemical modifications) but the nutritional value of the product was preserved. Moreover, the effects of the drying technique were evaluated comparing the spray-drying with freeze-drying technique and no significant differences were found among them. A recently developed in vitro gastrointestinal semi dynamic digestion protocol was adopted for the evaluation of the effects on protein digestibility. This model allows to simulate gastric emptying and to decrease pH gradually in the gastric phase. Protein degradation and peptides release in the digestion of a whey protein concentrate were investigated. This model was used for the digestion of whey proteins isolates and results were compared with a sample of untreated whey. The allergenicity of the samples and their digested fractions was then evaluated with ELISA inhibition tests. Results showed that the processing induced a higher digestibility and residual IgE-binding with respect to the untreated sample. The digestion study was completed with transepithelial transport studies with Caco-2 cells. Moreover, the effects of lactosylation on peptide intestinal absorption were evaluated with a synthesised β-lactoglobulin epitope.
I trattamenti tecnologici sono necessari per il consumo sicuro degli alimenti e per l'estensione della durata di conservazione. Questi trattamenti, in particolare quelli termici, possono influenzare il contenuto proteico inducendo fenomeni di aggregazione/denaturazione e modificazioni chimiche sulle proteine, come la lattosilazione, il primo intermedio della reazione di Maillard. Pertanto, le loro proprietà, come digeribilità e allergenicità, possono subire modificazioni. Questa tesi di dottorato ha come obiettivo lo studio degli effetti dei processi di produzione su due dei principali allergeni presenti nel latte: le sieroproteine α-lattalbumina e β-lattoglobulina. È stato sviluppato un metodo analitico UPLC-MS per la rilevazione delle sieroproteine lattosilate nei campioni di latte. Questo metodo è stato utilizzato per valutare se il trattamento UV, una possibile alternativa alla pastorizzazione, possa alterare in modo significativo il grado di glicazione. Tramite uno screening su diversi campioni di latte pastorizzato e UHT è stato possibile identificare siti di lattosilazione negli epitopi noti, riportati in letteratura, per le due proteine. Pertanto è stata sviluppata una procedura per la sintesi degli epitopi in forma lattosilata. Questo studio si è poi concentrato sui prodotti a base di sieroproteine, ampiamente utilizzate come additivi alimentari. Sono stati studiati gli effetti delle condizioni di conservazione sui concentrati di sieroproteine (WPC-35) mantenuti in condizioni controllate di temperatura e di giorni di stoccaggio. I campioni sono stati preparati e forniti da FrieslandCampina. Le condizioni applicate (fino a 60 °C e fino a 14 giorni) hanno indotto alcune modifiche al contenuto proteico (lattosilazione, aggregazione/ denaturazione, modifiche chimiche) ma è stato preservato il valore nutrizionale del prodotto. Inoltre, gli effetti della tecnica di essiccazione sono stati valutati confrontando spray-drying con freeze-drying e non sono state riscontrate differenze significative tra loro. Un modello di digestione semi-dinamica gastrointestinale in vitro, recentemente sviluppato, è stato adottato per la valutazione degli effetti sulla digeribilità delle proteine. Questo modello consente di simulare lo svuotamento gastrico e di diminuire gradualmente il pH nella fase gastrica. Sono stati studiati la degradazione proteica e il rilascio di peptidi nella digestione di un concentrato di sieroproteine mediante analisi LC-MS/MS e per confrontare la digeribilità di un prodotto commerciale a base di isolati di sieroproteine con un campione di siero di latte non trattato. L'allergenicità dei campioni e della loro frazione digerita è stata quindi valutata con test di inibizione ELISA. I risultati hanno mostrato che i trattamenti applicati nella produzione hanno indotto una maggiore digeribilità e residua capacità di legare le IgE, quindi potenzialmente più allergenico, rispetto al campione non trattato. Lo studio è stato infine completato tramite esperimenti sul trasporto transepiteliale con cellule Caco-2. Inoltre, sono stati valutati gli effetti della lattosilazione sull'assorbimento intestinale di peptidi ottenuti per via sintetica, la cui sequenza corrisponde ad un epitopo della β-lactoglobulina.
Effetti dei processi e delle condizioni di conservazione sui prodotti del latte e del siero: una caratterizzazione molecolare dettagliata delle modificazioni indotte sulle sieroproteine
2020
Abstract
Food processing is required for the safe consumption of products and the extension for the shelf life. These treatments, in particular the thermal ones, may affect protein content inducing aggregation/denaturation and chemical modifications (i.e. the lactosylation, the first step of the Maillard reaction) on proteins. Thus, their properties, such as digestibility and allergenicity may be altered. The aim of this PhD thesis was to study the effects of processing on two of the major allergens present in milk: whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin. A UPLC-MS analytical method was developed for the detection of lactosylated whey proteins in milk samples. This method was used to determine that the UV treatment, a possible alternative to pasteurization, does not alter the lactosylation degree significantly. A screening on different pasteurized and UHT milk samples lead to the identification of lactosylation sites in the known epitopes reported in literature for the two proteins. Thus, a procedure for the synthesis of the epitopes in the lactosylated form was developed. This study was then focused on whey protein products due to their large use as food additives. The effects of the storage conditions on whey protein concentrates (WPC-35, provided by FrieslandCampina) were investigated. Storage conditions applied (up to 60°C and up to 14 days) induced some modifications on the protein content (i.e. lactosylation, aggregation/denaturation, chemical modifications) but the nutritional value of the product was preserved. Moreover, the effects of the drying technique were evaluated comparing the spray-drying with freeze-drying technique and no significant differences were found among them. A recently developed in vitro gastrointestinal semi dynamic digestion protocol was adopted for the evaluation of the effects on protein digestibility. This model allows to simulate gastric emptying and to decrease pH gradually in the gastric phase. Protein degradation and peptides release in the digestion of a whey protein concentrate were investigated. This model was used for the digestion of whey proteins isolates and results were compared with a sample of untreated whey. The allergenicity of the samples and their digested fractions was then evaluated with ELISA inhibition tests. Results showed that the processing induced a higher digestibility and residual IgE-binding with respect to the untreated sample. The digestion study was completed with transepithelial transport studies with Caco-2 cells. Moreover, the effects of lactosylation on peptide intestinal absorption were evaluated with a synthesised β-lactoglobulin epitope.I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/134965
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-134965