The physiology of today’s city is centered on the importance of transport nodes, which can determine the concentration of functions, the competitiveness and the degree of exchange (Ventura P., 2018). In particular, rail transport, especially the high-capacity and high-speed one, remains today as an important strategic tool for economic penetration and extension of the degree of influence that the city exerts on the territory, continuing to play a fundamental role in guaranteeing the accessibility and reduction of pollution and traffic congestion, also providing opportunities for urban development, regeneration and revitalization. The scientific approach is well aware of how the railway station can be understood as both a transport hub and a significant place in the city. However, the balance between these two elements appears to be constantly changing and difficult to proportion: the resolution of the disparity “node-place” must be determined through a complex planning and urban design able to take into account a macro-scale “network-city” and a micro-scale “node-place”, according to which a high-speed railway station, the subject of the present study, must also function as a local pedestrian node. The complexity of the problem is made even more difficult by the remarkable typological and localization variety and by the heterogeneous amount of expansion, redevelopment and restructuring projects. The thesis qualitatively and quantitatively investigates the dynamics generated by high-speed stations, highlighting how transport planning and urban planning and design have influenced the configuration of these “new” urban nodes. The basic assumption is that the problem of the imbalance between the node and the place is spatial. Through the analysis of theoretical models and applications (Bertolini & Spit, 1998; Meijers, Drenth, & Jansen, A., 2002; Peek & van Hagen, 2002; Vereniging Deltametropool, 2013; Vale, 2015), also independent of the node-place model, which added important implementations to the study, the analysis has identified those factors in the field that can generate interference, conflicts and synergies between the infrastructure and the urban environment. The thesis consists of five parts. The first, “Città in movimento”, is the premise to the theme through a synthesis of the spatial evolution of the rail infrastructure, from its origins to the present, with a greater deepening of the recent developments of high speed. The framework attempts to reconstitute a historical and evolutionary atlas of the theme of the station and the relationships that exist with the city, taking into account the multi-scale scenarios connected to it. The second, “Modelli analitici”, constitutes a theoretical synthesis of models and approaches so far proposed in the technical and scientific field, to establish a framework of possible measurements and possible factors and interactions. The third part, “Sinergie spaziali”, identifies the possible rules and factors starting from the intersection of the data of the models analyzed and the borderline case of new town, as a result of intentional action, analyzed as the relationship between infrastructure and urban form. From the emerged data, the method of analysis of equilibrium and spatial synergy between the interdependent elements of the node and the place considered is defined. In the fourth part, “Rigenerare la city-station” the thesis investigates the spatial structure of four areas of intermediate high-speed European stations, subject to transformation projects, realized or in progress. This takes place through a series of analyses and readings focused on a temporal evaluation of the walkable space, carried out using GIS tools, which relates to indicators of proximity, synergy, and interference between the station and the context, interconnection between other modes of public transport and functional mix. This evaluation is carried out at two different times: a moment T0, which corresponds to the activation of the high-speed station, and a moment T1, to which the transformation project corresponds. The analysis and comparison of cases led to the definition of five types of dynamics, including changes and new creations, for which the variations of balances and imbalances between the interdependent node-place factors were highlighted. It emerges how the new infrastructure determines very different dynamics, with a general tendency to the imbalance between node and place values, according to unsustainable models which, especially in small and medium-sized cities, pursue the traditional airport model. The fifth and final part, following the results obtained, presents the possible operational lines and some general recommendations for the design and improvement of the spatial performance of these areas, with annexed critical reflections about the method used and the problems that emerged in the field of planning of high-speed station dynamics.
La fisiologia della città odierna è incentrata sull’importanza dei nodi di trasporto, che sono in grado di determinarne la concentrazione delle funzioni, la capacità di comando e il grado di scambio (Ventura P. , 2018). In particolar modo il trasporto ferroviario, specie quello ad alta capacità e alta velocità, permane ad oggi come importante strumento strategico di penetrazione economica e di estensione del grado di influenza che la città esercita sul territorio, continuando a svolgere un ruolo fondamentale per garantire l’accessibilità e la riduzione dell’inquinamento e della congestione del traffico, fornendo inoltre opportunità di sviluppo, rigenerazione e rivitalizzazione urbana. L’impostazione scientifica è ben consapevole di come la stazione ferroviaria possa essere intesa al tempo stesso come nodo di trasporto e luogo significativo della città. Tuttavia, l’equilibrio fra questi due elementi appare in costante mutazione e di difficile proporzionamento: la risoluzione della disparità “nodo-luogo” deve infatti determinarsi attraverso una complessa pianificazione e progettazione urbanistica in grado di tenere conto di una macro scala “rete-città” e di una micro scala “nodo-luogo”, secondo cui una stazione ferroviaria ad alta velocità, tipologia ad oggetto del presente studio, deve funzionare anche come nodo pedonale locale. La complessità del problema è resa ancor più difficile dalla notevolissima varietà tipologica e localizzativa e dall’eterogenea mole di progetti di ampliamento, riqualificazione e ristrutturazione. La tesi indaga qualitativamente e quantitativamente le dinamiche generate dalle stazioni alta velocità, mettendo in luce come la pianificazione dei trasporti e la pianificazione e progettazione urbanistica abbiano influito nel configurare questi ‘nuovi’ nodi-luoghi urbani. L’assunto di base è che il problema del disequilibrio tra il nodo e il luogo sia fondamentalmente spaziale. Attraverso l’analisi di modelli teorici e applicazioni (Bertolini & Spit, 1998; Meijers, Drenth, & Jansen, A., 2002; Peek & van Hagen, 2002; Vereniging Deltametropool, 2013; Vale, 2015), anche indipendenti dal modello nodo-luogo, che hanno aggiunto importanti implementazioni allo studio, l’analisi ha individuato quei fattori in campo che possono generare interferenze, conflitti e sinergie tra l’infrastruttura e l’ambiente urbano. La tesi si compone di cinque parti. La prima, “Città in movimento”, costituisce la premessa al tema attraverso una sintesi dell’evoluzione spaziale dell’infrastruttura ferrata, dalle sue origini ad oggi, con un maggior approfondimento degli sviluppi recenti dell’alta velocità. L’inquadramento tenta di ricostituire un atlante storico ed evolutivo del tema della stazione e delle relazioni che intercorrono con la città, tenendo conto degli scenari multiscalari ad essa connessi. La seconda, “Modelli analitici”, costituisce una sintesi teorica di modelli e approcci finora proposti in ambito tecnico e scientifico sul tema, allo scopo di stabilire un quadro delle possibili misurazioni e dei possibili fattori e interazioni. La terza parte, “Sinergie spaziali”, individua le possibili regole e fattori a partire dall’incrocio dei dati dei modelli analizzati e al caso limite delle città nuove, frutto di un’azione intenzionale, analizzate come rapporto tra infrastruttura e forma urbana. Dai dati emersi, viene definito il metodo di analisi di equilibrio e sinergia spaziale fra gli elementi interdipendenti del nodo e del luogo considerati. Nella quarta parte, “Rigenerare la city-station” la tesi indaga la struttura spaziale di quattro aree di stazioni alta velocità europee, soggette a progetti di trasformazione, realizzati o in corso di realizzazione. Ciò avviene attraverso una serie di analisi e letture incentrate su di una valutazione temporale dello spazio percorribile a piedi, effettuato tramite strumenti GIS, che si relaziona a indicatori di prossimità, sinergia e interferenza tra la stazione e il contesto, interconnessione tra altri modi di trasporto pubblico e mixitè funzionale. Tale valutazione viene effettuata in due momenti differenti: un momento T0, che corrisponde all’attivazione dell’alta velocità, e un momento T1, a cui corrisponde il progetto di trasformazione. L’analisi e la comparazione di casi ha portato alla definizione di cinque tipologie di dinamiche, tra mutamenti e nuove creazioni, per le quali sono state evidenziate le variazioni degli equilibri e degli squilibri tra i fattori nodo-luogo interdipendenti. Ne emerge come la nuova infrastruttura determini dinamiche assai differenti, con una generale tendenza al disequilibrio tra i valori di nodo e luogo, secondo modelli non sostenibili che, in particolar modo nelle città di piccole e medie dimensioni, perseguono il modello aeroportuale tradizionale. La quinta e conclusiva parte, a seguito dei risultati ottenuti, presenta le possibili linee operative e alcune raccomandazioni generali per la progettazione e il miglioramento delle prestazioni spaziali dell’ambito di analisi, con annesse riflessioni critiche circa il metodo utilizzato e le problematiche emerse nell’ambito della pianificazione delle dinamiche delle stazioni alta velocità.
Le dinamiche urbane delle stazioni ferroviarie ad alta velocità dal 1990 al 2019
2020
Abstract
The physiology of today’s city is centered on the importance of transport nodes, which can determine the concentration of functions, the competitiveness and the degree of exchange (Ventura P., 2018). In particular, rail transport, especially the high-capacity and high-speed one, remains today as an important strategic tool for economic penetration and extension of the degree of influence that the city exerts on the territory, continuing to play a fundamental role in guaranteeing the accessibility and reduction of pollution and traffic congestion, also providing opportunities for urban development, regeneration and revitalization. The scientific approach is well aware of how the railway station can be understood as both a transport hub and a significant place in the city. However, the balance between these two elements appears to be constantly changing and difficult to proportion: the resolution of the disparity “node-place” must be determined through a complex planning and urban design able to take into account a macro-scale “network-city” and a micro-scale “node-place”, according to which a high-speed railway station, the subject of the present study, must also function as a local pedestrian node. The complexity of the problem is made even more difficult by the remarkable typological and localization variety and by the heterogeneous amount of expansion, redevelopment and restructuring projects. The thesis qualitatively and quantitatively investigates the dynamics generated by high-speed stations, highlighting how transport planning and urban planning and design have influenced the configuration of these “new” urban nodes. The basic assumption is that the problem of the imbalance between the node and the place is spatial. Through the analysis of theoretical models and applications (Bertolini & Spit, 1998; Meijers, Drenth, & Jansen, A., 2002; Peek & van Hagen, 2002; Vereniging Deltametropool, 2013; Vale, 2015), also independent of the node-place model, which added important implementations to the study, the analysis has identified those factors in the field that can generate interference, conflicts and synergies between the infrastructure and the urban environment. The thesis consists of five parts. The first, “Città in movimento”, is the premise to the theme through a synthesis of the spatial evolution of the rail infrastructure, from its origins to the present, with a greater deepening of the recent developments of high speed. The framework attempts to reconstitute a historical and evolutionary atlas of the theme of the station and the relationships that exist with the city, taking into account the multi-scale scenarios connected to it. The second, “Modelli analitici”, constitutes a theoretical synthesis of models and approaches so far proposed in the technical and scientific field, to establish a framework of possible measurements and possible factors and interactions. The third part, “Sinergie spaziali”, identifies the possible rules and factors starting from the intersection of the data of the models analyzed and the borderline case of new town, as a result of intentional action, analyzed as the relationship between infrastructure and urban form. From the emerged data, the method of analysis of equilibrium and spatial synergy between the interdependent elements of the node and the place considered is defined. In the fourth part, “Rigenerare la city-station” the thesis investigates the spatial structure of four areas of intermediate high-speed European stations, subject to transformation projects, realized or in progress. This takes place through a series of analyses and readings focused on a temporal evaluation of the walkable space, carried out using GIS tools, which relates to indicators of proximity, synergy, and interference between the station and the context, interconnection between other modes of public transport and functional mix. This evaluation is carried out at two different times: a moment T0, which corresponds to the activation of the high-speed station, and a moment T1, to which the transformation project corresponds. The analysis and comparison of cases led to the definition of five types of dynamics, including changes and new creations, for which the variations of balances and imbalances between the interdependent node-place factors were highlighted. It emerges how the new infrastructure determines very different dynamics, with a general tendency to the imbalance between node and place values, according to unsustainable models which, especially in small and medium-sized cities, pursue the traditional airport model. The fifth and final part, following the results obtained, presents the possible operational lines and some general recommendations for the design and improvement of the spatial performance of these areas, with annexed critical reflections about the method used and the problems that emerged in the field of planning of high-speed station dynamics.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/135423
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-135423