The world is not on track to reach the 2025 Global Nutrition Targets, nor the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The number of hungry people in the world has been rising steadily since 2014, with the highest prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) in the world estimated to be in Africa. Beyond hunger, a growing number of people suffer from food insecurity which forces them to reduce the quantity and quality of their daily food, thereby risking malnutrition. Emergency aid policies can provide immediate, short-term assistance to the above categories; however, they can also lead to dependency on such aid while ignoring local sensory and cultural preferences or culinary traditions. Consequently, long-term solutions are indispensable to help local populations by strengthening their local food systems’ resilience to shock. This can be achieved by adopting a multidisciplinary, multi-stakeholder approach, developing foods for low-income populations using country-specific raw materials with context-appropriate technology while satisfying nutritional, technological, cultural and environmental requirements and guaranteeing quality and safety. With this in mind, this Ph.D. research project focused on improving the use of food resources in Africa by developing sustainable, highly nutritional food products using locally available, easily sourced raw materials and transforming these into food through the optimization of affordable technologies. The thesis is divided in two sections (Figure 1). The first reports on an integrated multidisciplinary approach called “Pappa di Parma” which was used to develop, characterize and introduce novel, sustainable, energy-dense meals to treat moderate acute malnutrition. In addition, it reviews the scientific literature on novel Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs) including acceptability evaluations which focus on sustainability and local feasibility. The second section describes a research programme which studied the effects of sprouting sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and subsequent drying treatments (40 °C for 12 h vs. 50 °C for 6 h) on the nutritional and technological features of derived flours used to develop sustainable and nutritionally enhanced flatbread for African countries. Initially, the effect of sprouting and drying treatment on the starch and protein features of the derived flours was investigated, to determine whether different treatments would alter finished product functionality. Same effects on the micronutrient content, in vitro bioavailability, and antioxidant activity of the derived flours were also investigated. Subsequently, an insight into the molecular and rheological properties of sprouted sorghum flour-based dough provided through Low-Resolution Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LR 1H NMR) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) techniques, together with the outcomes of previous findings, allowed to choose the flour obtained from sprouted sorghum dried at 40 °C for 12 h as the ingredient to be mixed with other locally sourced raw materials to produce composite flour. Then the functional features of sustainable composite flours, with a potentially high nutritional value, containing sprouted sorghum, tapioca, cowpea and wheat flours were studied. Lastly, optimized formulations of composite flours were used to develop economically sustainable, nutritionally enhanced flatbreads while preserving sensory acceptability and physicochemical properties. The results demonstrated that the “Pappa di Parma” approach was a valid starting point to develop sustainable, bespoke alternatives to RUTFs in specific agricultural and socioeconomic contexts. In addition, optimizing the sprouting process by subsequent drying proved to be a sustainable, locally feasible method to improve the nutritional profile of sorghum flour. Moreover, the use of sprouted sorghum flour in composites was demonstrated to be an efficient strategy to promote the use of locally-available raw materials to develop technologically satisfactory, highly nutritional, and economically sustainable flatbread. Overall, the optimization of local food-transformation/production technology is a sustainable, efficient approach to improve the use of local food resources while satisfying nutritional, technological, cultural, and environmental requirements, thus providing food solutions which can fruitfully be implemented in African cultural settings.
Il pianeta non è sulla buona strada per raggiungere i “Global Nutrition Targets” fissati per il 2025, così come gli obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile “Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)” per il 2030. Dal 2014, il numero di persone che soffre la fame nel mondo è in costante aumento, e l’Africa possiede il più alto indice di denutrizione (prevalence of undernourishment, PoU). Inoltre, un numero crescente di persone vive in condizioni di costante insicurezza alimentare, che costringe a ridurre la quantità e la qualità di cibo consumato quotidianamente. I programmi di aiuto umanitario possono fornire assistenza immediata e a breve termine in contesti di emergenza, ma portano talvolta alla dipendenza da tali aiuti, che spesso risultano estranei alle tradizioni culturali e culinarie locali. Di conseguenza, diventa indispensabile offrire soluzioni a lungo termine in grado di rafforzare la resilienza dei sistemi alimentari dei paesi in via di sviluppo, in modo da valorizzare le produzioni locali e offrire i mezzi per poter affrontare le situazioni di necessità. Tale obiettivo potrebbe essere perseguito tramite l’adozione di un approccio multidisciplinare che coinvolga più stakeholder, che miri allo sviluppo di alimenti mediante l’uso di ingredienti disponibili e tecnologie accessibili, soddisfacendo nel contempo i requisiti nutrizionali, tecnologici, culturali e ambientali, qualitativi e di sicurezza. Alla luce di ciò, il presente progetto di ricerca è stato finalizzato al miglioramento dell'utilizzo delle risorse alimentari di paesi africani, tramite lo sviluppo di prodotti nutrizionalmente bilanciati / arricchiti, usando materie prime localmente disponibili e tecnologie adeguate al contesto. La presente tesi di dottorato è divisa in due sezioni (Figura 1). La prima sezione descrive l’approccio multidisciplinare chiamato "Pappa di Parma" utilizzato per sviluppare, caratterizzare e introdurre in Tanzania alimenti sostenibili ad alta densità energetica destinati a bambini di età compresa tra i 6 e 60 mesi di età, per il trattamento della malnutrizione acuta moderata. Contemporaneamente, la revisione della letteratura scientifica riguardante lo sviluppo e lo studio di accettabilità di nuovi Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs), ci ha permesso di metterne in luce aspetti chiave circa la loro sostenibilità e fattibilità. Nella seconda sezione vengono riportati gli studi condotti sugli effetti della germinazione del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) e della seguente fase di essiccamento (40 °C per 12 h vs. 50 °C per 6 h) sulle caratteristiche nutrizionali e tecnologiche di farine derivate da impiegare nello sviluppo di pani piatti sostenibili e ad alto valore nutrizionale destinati a paesi Africani. In un primo lavoro, è stato studiato l'effetto della germinazione e del successivo trattamento di essiccamento sulle funzionalità di amido e proteine di farine derivate, in modo da determinare se diversi trattamenti possano influire sulla funzionalità del prodotto finito. Successivamente, ne sono stati studiati gli effetti sul contenuto in micronutrienti, sulla loro biodisponibilità in vitro e sull'attività antiossidante delle farine. In seguito allo studio delle proprietà molecolari e reologiche di impasti a base di farina di sorgo germinato tramite le tecniche di risonanza magnetica nucleare a bassa risoluzione (LR 1H NMR) e di analisi dinamico meccanica (DMA), e in accordo con i risultati dei precedenti studi, è stata selezionata la farina da sorgo germinato ed essiccato a 40 °C per 12 h come ingrediente di farine composite in combinazione con altri sfarinati ottenuti da materie prime localmente disponibili. Pertanto, in uno studio successivo, sono state studiate le proprietà funzionali di farine composite sostenibili costituite da sorgo germinato, tapioca, farina di fagiolo dall’occhio nero e frumento. Infine, formulazioni ottimizzate di tali blend sono state usate per sviluppare pani piatti sostenibili e ad alto valore nutrizionale, preservandone l'accettabilità sensoriale e le proprietà fisico-chimiche. I risultati del presente lavoro di ricerca hanno dimostrato che l'approccio "Pappa di Parma" è un valido punto di partenza per lo sviluppo di alternative sostenibili ai RUTFs commerciali. Inoltre, l'ottimizzazione del processo di germinazione mediante modulazione dell’essiccamento è un metodo sostenibile e accessibile per migliorare il profilo nutrizionale della farina di sorgo. L'uso di farina di sorgo germinata in farine composite è una strategia efficace per promuovere l'uso di materie prime locali per lo sviluppo di pani piatti di accettabile qualità, ad alto valore nutrizionale ed economicamente sostenibili. Nel complesso, l'ottimizzazione delle tecnologie di trasformazione/produzione è un approccio sostenibile per migliorare l'uso delle risorse alimentari locali, rispondendo altresì ad esigenze nutrizionali, tecnologiche, culturali e ambientali dei paesi Africani.
Improvement of the use of food resources of African countries
2021
Abstract
The world is not on track to reach the 2025 Global Nutrition Targets, nor the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The number of hungry people in the world has been rising steadily since 2014, with the highest prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) in the world estimated to be in Africa. Beyond hunger, a growing number of people suffer from food insecurity which forces them to reduce the quantity and quality of their daily food, thereby risking malnutrition. Emergency aid policies can provide immediate, short-term assistance to the above categories; however, they can also lead to dependency on such aid while ignoring local sensory and cultural preferences or culinary traditions. Consequently, long-term solutions are indispensable to help local populations by strengthening their local food systems’ resilience to shock. This can be achieved by adopting a multidisciplinary, multi-stakeholder approach, developing foods for low-income populations using country-specific raw materials with context-appropriate technology while satisfying nutritional, technological, cultural and environmental requirements and guaranteeing quality and safety. With this in mind, this Ph.D. research project focused on improving the use of food resources in Africa by developing sustainable, highly nutritional food products using locally available, easily sourced raw materials and transforming these into food through the optimization of affordable technologies. The thesis is divided in two sections (Figure 1). The first reports on an integrated multidisciplinary approach called “Pappa di Parma” which was used to develop, characterize and introduce novel, sustainable, energy-dense meals to treat moderate acute malnutrition. In addition, it reviews the scientific literature on novel Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs) including acceptability evaluations which focus on sustainability and local feasibility. The second section describes a research programme which studied the effects of sprouting sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and subsequent drying treatments (40 °C for 12 h vs. 50 °C for 6 h) on the nutritional and technological features of derived flours used to develop sustainable and nutritionally enhanced flatbread for African countries. Initially, the effect of sprouting and drying treatment on the starch and protein features of the derived flours was investigated, to determine whether different treatments would alter finished product functionality. Same effects on the micronutrient content, in vitro bioavailability, and antioxidant activity of the derived flours were also investigated. Subsequently, an insight into the molecular and rheological properties of sprouted sorghum flour-based dough provided through Low-Resolution Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LR 1H NMR) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) techniques, together with the outcomes of previous findings, allowed to choose the flour obtained from sprouted sorghum dried at 40 °C for 12 h as the ingredient to be mixed with other locally sourced raw materials to produce composite flour. Then the functional features of sustainable composite flours, with a potentially high nutritional value, containing sprouted sorghum, tapioca, cowpea and wheat flours were studied. Lastly, optimized formulations of composite flours were used to develop economically sustainable, nutritionally enhanced flatbreads while preserving sensory acceptability and physicochemical properties. The results demonstrated that the “Pappa di Parma” approach was a valid starting point to develop sustainable, bespoke alternatives to RUTFs in specific agricultural and socioeconomic contexts. In addition, optimizing the sprouting process by subsequent drying proved to be a sustainable, locally feasible method to improve the nutritional profile of sorghum flour. Moreover, the use of sprouted sorghum flour in composites was demonstrated to be an efficient strategy to promote the use of locally-available raw materials to develop technologically satisfactory, highly nutritional, and economically sustainable flatbread. Overall, the optimization of local food-transformation/production technology is a sustainable, efficient approach to improve the use of local food resources while satisfying nutritional, technological, cultural, and environmental requirements, thus providing food solutions which can fruitfully be implemented in African cultural settings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/149776
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-149776