The heritage of urban stone pavements is the largest material structure in the city of historical plant. Despite this, research in the road sector, especially in recent decades, has focused on the study of solutions with high technological content, environmental compatibility, technical-economic optimization of processes, considering a cultural investment on this important equipment a non-strategic matter. Specifically, within the urban context, the strictly scientific approach to investigation was above all fuelled above all from the inputs of the industrial world, focusing on alternative materials to natural stone that can resist to severe traffic conditions and ensure environmental compatibility, overshadowing the impact of these solutions on centres of historical and monumental interest. Researchers who address professional or scientific research issues regarding stone pavements for the restoration and preservation of existing pavements or to build new roads must start from a knowledge of building techniques, which are often determined by regional rules related to the history and climate of the city, the geology, and the experience of the stone pavers. Block pavements differ from other types of pavements because the surface consisting of distinct small blocks, arranged according to a predetermined laying pattern, above a bedding layer. Below the bedding layer, the structure is conceptually similar to the flexible one. The analytical solution for these types of pavement in a three-dimensional multilayer, due to the complexity and the number of factors that affect the result, is not yet univocally defined at international level and often uses semi-empirical solutions with disaggregated studies of variables. For this purpose, a careful analysis of the literature data concerning interlocking concrete block pavements, to which stone block pavements can be compared for their discontinuous surface, was carried out. Thus, to facilitate the study in a controlled environment of the components that influence the behaviour of stone pavements, a laboratory calibration chamber for experiments on a scale of 1:1 of stone road pavements was designed and built. This testing setting up allowed the definition of new test protocols and data acquisition routes. A calibration chamber involves the preparation of spaces, resources and instrumental equipment that require specific evaluation of size, rigidity of structures, accessibility for operators and full control of data collection systems. This original installation, actually a prototype, was the investigations site of stone pavements by means of rapid bearing capacity measurement systems (light falling weight deflectometer) as well as static, almost-static and cyclical plate tests. The outcomes of these tests where then functional to the dialogue with models of finite element analysis. The deflection basins of these pavements were identified by deflectiometric data acquired through displacement transducers; however, since these pavements consist of distinct elements that interact with each other, it is important to analyse what happens between the various elements when the pavement is subject to vertical loads. For this purpose, photogrammetric surveys have been useful, which, in addition to allowing the analysis of the deflection basin, allowed to monitor the differential displacements that occur between the individual elements, giving potential information on the isolated translation or rotation, which were otherwise not assessable. Based on the obtained data, numerical modelling of these pavements was performed to analyse their behaviour when subject to vertical and horizontal loads varying important parameters such as the size of the elements and their laying pattern. As far as the behaviour under the action of vertical loads is concerned, it emerged that the size of the elements has a considerable influence on the overall behaviour of the pavement, while the laying pattern plays a marginal role. For the analysis of these pavements subjected to horizontal loads, a model has been implemented within an open source software (Chrono). This model, which allows to consider a breaking visco-elastoplastic interaction between the elements, has allowed to analyse, with the same mechanical parameters, the role of the laying pattern that, in addition to the desired aesthetic effect, can contribute in an appreciable way to the structural response to the acting loads on the road surface. In the same way, with the same geometry, the conditions have been created for analysing the contributions of the different materials used to fill the joints and the bedding layer.
Il patrimonio delle pavimentazioni urbane in pietra costituisce la più estesa struttura materiale della città di impianto storico. Nonostante ciò la ricerca nel settore stradale, soprattutto negli ultimi decenni, si è focalizzata sullo studio di soluzioni ad alto contenuto tecnologico, alla compatibilità ambientale, all’ottimizzazione tecnico-economica dei processi ritenendo non strategico un investimento culturale su tale rilevante dotazione. Specificatamente in seno all’ambito urbano, l’approccio di indagine propriamente scientifica ha trovato alimento soprattutto dagli input del mondo industriale focalizzandosi su materiali alternativi alla pietra naturale in grado di resistere a severe condizioni di traffico e di garantire la compatibilità ambientale, mettendo in secondo piano l’impatto di queste soluzioni su centri di interesse storico e monumentale. Chi oggi si pone di fronte a problematiche professionali o di ricerca scientifica riguardanti le pavimentazioni ad elementi lapidei, per il restauro e la salvaguardia di quelle esistenti o per la realizzazione di nuove vie, deve partire dalla conoscenza delle tecniche costruttive, spesso caratterizzate da regole regionali, che sottendono la storia ed il clima delle città, la geologia delle rocce locali e l’esperienza dei posatori. Le pavimentazioni ad elementi differiscono dagli altri tipi di pavimentazione poiché la finitura superficiale è costituita da piccoli blocchi distinti, disposti secondo una predeterminata apparecchiatura, al di sopra di uno strato di allettamento. Al di sotto dello strato di allettamento la struttura è concettualmente simile a quella di una pavimentazione flessibile. La soluzione analitica di calcolo per tali tipologie di pavimentazioni in un multistrato tridimensionale, per complessità e per la numerosità dei fattori che ne influenzano il risultato, non è ancora definita univocamente a livello internazionale e spesso si ricorre a soluzioni semiempiriche con studi disaggregati delle variabili. A tal fine si è quindi realizzata un’attenta analisi dei dati di letteratura aventi per oggetto le pavimentazioni autobloccanti in calcestruzzo alle quali le pavimentazioni ad elementi lapidei possono, in prima approssimazione, essere paragonate per la loro superficie discontinua. Pertanto, per agevolare lo studio delle componenti che influenzano il comportamento delle pavimentazioni ad elementi lapidei in ambiente controllato, si è deciso di progettare e realizzare una camera di calibrazione in laboratorio per sperimentazioni in scala 1:1 di pavimentazioni stradali ad elementi lapidei, ove definire nuovi protocolli di prova e nuove vie di acquisizione dati. Una camera di calibrazione comporta la predisposizione di spazi, risorse e dotazioni strumentali che richiedono specifica valutazione di dimensioni, rigidezze delle strutture, accessibilità per gli operatori e governo pieno dei sistemi di rilevamento dati. Tale allestimento originale, di fatto prototipo, è stato sede di indagini su pavimentazioni in pietra con sistemi celeri di misura di portanza (deflettometro leggero a massa battente) nonché di prove su piastra statiche, quasi statiche e cicliche, il cui esito è funzionale al dialogo con modelli di analisi agli elementi finiti. L’acquisizione dei dati deflettometrici attraverso trasduttori di spostamento ha permesso di individuare i bacini di deflessione di tali pavimentazioni; tuttavia essendo tali pavimentazioni costituite da elementi distinti che interagiscono tra di loro è importante analizzare cosa succede tra i vari elementi quando la pavimentazione è soggetta a carichi verticali. A tale scopo sono stati utili rilievi fotogrammetrici che, oltre a permettere l’analisi del bacino di deflessione, permettono di determinare gli spostamenti differenziali che avvengono tra i singoli elementi, avendo in potenza informazioni sulla traslazione o rotazione isolata altrimenti non valutabile. Sulla base dei dati ottenuti si è poi proceduto alla modellazione numerica di tali pavimentazioni al fine di analizzare, al variare di importanti parametri come la dimensione degli elementi e la loro apparecchiatura, il loro comportamento quando soggette a carichi verticali ed orizzontali. Per quanto riguarda il comportamento sotto l’azione di carichi verticali, è emerso che la dimensione degli elementi influisce notevolmente sul comportamento globale della pavimentazione mentre l’apparecchiatura riveste un ruolo marginale. Per l’analisi di tali pavimentazioni soggette a carichi orizzontali si è implementato un modello all’interno di un software open source (Chrono). Tale modello, che permette di considerare un’interazione visco-elastoplastica a rottura tra gli elementi, ha permesso di analizzare, a parità di parametri meccanici, il ruolo della composizione degli elementi lapidei che, oltre al voluto effetto estetico, possono contribuire in maniera apprezzabile alla risposta strutturale alle azioni insistenti sul piano viario. Allo stesso modo, a parità di geometria, sono state create le condizioni per analizzare gli apporti dei diversi materiali di riempimento dei giunti e dello strato di allettamento.
Evoluzione storica delle pavimentazioni stradali in pietra e strumenti per il dimensionamento secondo criteri razionali
2019
Abstract
The heritage of urban stone pavements is the largest material structure in the city of historical plant. Despite this, research in the road sector, especially in recent decades, has focused on the study of solutions with high technological content, environmental compatibility, technical-economic optimization of processes, considering a cultural investment on this important equipment a non-strategic matter. Specifically, within the urban context, the strictly scientific approach to investigation was above all fuelled above all from the inputs of the industrial world, focusing on alternative materials to natural stone that can resist to severe traffic conditions and ensure environmental compatibility, overshadowing the impact of these solutions on centres of historical and monumental interest. Researchers who address professional or scientific research issues regarding stone pavements for the restoration and preservation of existing pavements or to build new roads must start from a knowledge of building techniques, which are often determined by regional rules related to the history and climate of the city, the geology, and the experience of the stone pavers. Block pavements differ from other types of pavements because the surface consisting of distinct small blocks, arranged according to a predetermined laying pattern, above a bedding layer. Below the bedding layer, the structure is conceptually similar to the flexible one. The analytical solution for these types of pavement in a three-dimensional multilayer, due to the complexity and the number of factors that affect the result, is not yet univocally defined at international level and often uses semi-empirical solutions with disaggregated studies of variables. For this purpose, a careful analysis of the literature data concerning interlocking concrete block pavements, to which stone block pavements can be compared for their discontinuous surface, was carried out. Thus, to facilitate the study in a controlled environment of the components that influence the behaviour of stone pavements, a laboratory calibration chamber for experiments on a scale of 1:1 of stone road pavements was designed and built. This testing setting up allowed the definition of new test protocols and data acquisition routes. A calibration chamber involves the preparation of spaces, resources and instrumental equipment that require specific evaluation of size, rigidity of structures, accessibility for operators and full control of data collection systems. This original installation, actually a prototype, was the investigations site of stone pavements by means of rapid bearing capacity measurement systems (light falling weight deflectometer) as well as static, almost-static and cyclical plate tests. The outcomes of these tests where then functional to the dialogue with models of finite element analysis. The deflection basins of these pavements were identified by deflectiometric data acquired through displacement transducers; however, since these pavements consist of distinct elements that interact with each other, it is important to analyse what happens between the various elements when the pavement is subject to vertical loads. For this purpose, photogrammetric surveys have been useful, which, in addition to allowing the analysis of the deflection basin, allowed to monitor the differential displacements that occur between the individual elements, giving potential information on the isolated translation or rotation, which were otherwise not assessable. Based on the obtained data, numerical modelling of these pavements was performed to analyse their behaviour when subject to vertical and horizontal loads varying important parameters such as the size of the elements and their laying pattern. As far as the behaviour under the action of vertical loads is concerned, it emerged that the size of the elements has a considerable influence on the overall behaviour of the pavement, while the laying pattern plays a marginal role. For the analysis of these pavements subjected to horizontal loads, a model has been implemented within an open source software (Chrono). This model, which allows to consider a breaking visco-elastoplastic interaction between the elements, has allowed to analyse, with the same mechanical parameters, the role of the laying pattern that, in addition to the desired aesthetic effect, can contribute in an appreciable way to the structural response to the acting loads on the road surface. In the same way, with the same geometry, the conditions have been created for analysing the contributions of the different materials used to fill the joints and the bedding layer.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Garilli_Relazione%20Triennio.pdf
accesso solo da BNCF e BNCR
Tipologia:
Altro materiale allegato
Dimensione
5.23 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
5.23 MB | Adobe PDF | |
Garilli%20Erika_Tesi%20di%20Dottorato.pdf
accesso solo da BNCF e BNCR
Tipologia:
Altro materiale allegato
Dimensione
90.06 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
90.06 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/149802
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-149802