Histiocytic sarcomas represent malignant tumors, which require new treatment strategies. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a promising candidate due to its oncolytic features reported in a canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line (DH82 cells). Interestingly, the underlying mechanism might include a dysregulation of angiogenesis. Moreover, tumors undergoing mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) are often associated with a favourable clinical outcome. This process is characterized by an increased expression of epithelial markers leading to a decreased invasion and metastatic rate. Based on these informations two main hypothesis have been formulated and addressed in two independent in vitro studies. The first in vitro study hypothesized that a persistent CDV-Ond infection of DH82 cells induces oxidative stress followed by a massive inhibition of HIF-1α degrading pathways. This in turn leads to cytoplasmic, non-functional accumulation of HIF-1α, which is associated with a reduced expression of HIF-1α downstream targets, such as VEGF-B. The second in vitro study hypothesizes that a CDV infection of canine histiocytic sarcoma cells (DH82 cells) triggers the MET process leading to a decreased cellular motility. Within the first in vitro study, microarray data analysis, immunofluorescence for 8-hydroxyguanosine, superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase, and flow cytometry for oxidative burst displayed an increased oxidative stress in persistently CDV-infected DH82 cells (DH82Ond pi) compared to controls. The HIF-1 α expression in DH82Ond pi increased, as demonstrated by Western blot, and showed an unexpected, often sub-membranous distribution, as shown by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Furthermore, microarray data analysis and immunofluorescence confirmed a reduced expression of VEGF-B in DH82Ond pi compared to controls. Within the second in vitro study, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting were used to investigate the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers followed by scratch assay and an invasion assay as functional confirmation. Furthermore, microarray data were analysed for genes associated with the MET process, invasion and angiogenesis. CDV-infected cells exhibited an increased expression of epithelial markers such as E-cadherin and cytokeratin 8 compared to controls, indicating a MET process. This was accompanied by a reduced cell motility and invasiveness. In summary, the first study results suggest a reduced activation of the HIF-1 α angiogenic downstream pathway in DH82Ond pi cells in vitro, most likely due to an excessive, unusually localized, and non-functional expression of HIF-1 α triggered by a CDV-induced increased oxidative stress. Summarized, ,the second study results suggest that CDV infection of DH82 cells triggers the MET process by an increased expression of epithelial markers resulting in a decreased cell motility in vitro.
Il sarcoma istiocitico è un tumore maligno che è in forte richiesta di nuove strategie terapeutiche. A tale proposito, il virus del cimurro del cane (CDV) rappresenta un candidato promettente grazie alle sue proprietà oncolitiche riportate in una linea cellulare di sarcoma istiocitico canino (DH82). È degno di nota il fatto che il meccanismo sottostante possa includere l’alterata regolazione dell’angiogenesi. Inoltre, i tumori che vanno incontro alla transizione mesenchimale-epiteliale (MET) sono spesso associati ad un esito clinico favorevole. Questo fenomeno è carattarizzato da una incrementata espressione di markers epiteliali, comportando una diminiuita invasività e capacità metastatica. Sulla base di queste informazioni sono state formulate due ipotesi principali nel corso di due esperimenti in vitro indipendenti. Il primo esperimento ipotizza che una infezione persistente delle cellule DH82 con CDV-Ond induce uno stress ossidativo, seguito da una massiva inibizione della degradazione di HIF-1α. Questo a sua volta comporta un accumulo citoplasmatico non funzionale di HIF-1α, il quale è associato con una ridotta espressione dei target finali del pathway di HIF-1α come ad esempio VEGF-B. Il secondo esperimento ipotizza che l’infezione da CDV nelle cellule di sarcoma istiocitico canino scatena il fenomeno della MET comportando una ridotta motilità cellulare. All’interno del primo esperimento, l’analisi dei dati in microarray, immunofluorescenza per 8-idrossiguanosina, superossido dismutasi 2 e catalasi, citometri a flusso per la determinazione del burst ossidativo mostrano un aumentato stress ossidativo all’interno delle cellule persistentemente infettate con CDV-Ond (DH82Ond pi) rispetto ai controlli. L’aumentata espressione di HIF-1α nelle cellule DH82Ond pi, come dimostrato dal western blot, ha rivelato una distribuzione inaspettata e spesso sub-membranaria, come dimostrao dall’immunofluorescenza e l’immunoelettronmicroscopia. Inoltre, microarray e immunofluorescenza confermano la ridotta espressione di VEGF-B nelle cellule DH82Ond pi rispetto ai controlli non infetti. All’interno del secondo esperimento, western blot e immunofluorescenza sono stati usati per investigare l’espressione di markers epiteliali e mesenchimali seguite da uno “scratch assay” e da un “invasion assay” in modo da ottenere una conferma funzionale. Inoltre, il microarray è stato analizzato per geni associati con il fenomeno della MET e invasione ed angiogenesi. Le cellule infettate con CDV mostrarono un’aumentata espressione di markers epiteliali come E-caderina e citokeratina 8 rispetto ai controlli, suggerendo un processo di MET. Tale processo era accompagnato da una ridotta motilità cellulare ed invasività. Riassumendo, i risultati del primo studio suggeriscono una ridotta ativazione dei target del pathway angiogenetico del HIF-1 α in vitro nelle cellule DH82Ond pi, probabilmente dovuto ad una eccessiva, insolita e non funzionale espressione di HIF-1 α stimolata da un incrementato stress ossidativo CDV-indotto. Riassumendo, i risultati del secondo studio suggeriscono che l’infezione da CDV stimola il fenomeno della MET grazie ad un’ aumentata espressione di markers epiteliali comportando una diminuita motilità cellulare in vitro.
Indirect oncolysis mediated by Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Onderstepoort strain affects HIF-1α mediated angiogenesis and triggers mesenchymal to epithelial transition in canine histiocytic sarcoma cells (DH82)
2021
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcomas represent malignant tumors, which require new treatment strategies. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a promising candidate due to its oncolytic features reported in a canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line (DH82 cells). Interestingly, the underlying mechanism might include a dysregulation of angiogenesis. Moreover, tumors undergoing mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) are often associated with a favourable clinical outcome. This process is characterized by an increased expression of epithelial markers leading to a decreased invasion and metastatic rate. Based on these informations two main hypothesis have been formulated and addressed in two independent in vitro studies. The first in vitro study hypothesized that a persistent CDV-Ond infection of DH82 cells induces oxidative stress followed by a massive inhibition of HIF-1α degrading pathways. This in turn leads to cytoplasmic, non-functional accumulation of HIF-1α, which is associated with a reduced expression of HIF-1α downstream targets, such as VEGF-B. The second in vitro study hypothesizes that a CDV infection of canine histiocytic sarcoma cells (DH82 cells) triggers the MET process leading to a decreased cellular motility. Within the first in vitro study, microarray data analysis, immunofluorescence for 8-hydroxyguanosine, superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase, and flow cytometry for oxidative burst displayed an increased oxidative stress in persistently CDV-infected DH82 cells (DH82Ond pi) compared to controls. The HIF-1 α expression in DH82Ond pi increased, as demonstrated by Western blot, and showed an unexpected, often sub-membranous distribution, as shown by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Furthermore, microarray data analysis and immunofluorescence confirmed a reduced expression of VEGF-B in DH82Ond pi compared to controls. Within the second in vitro study, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting were used to investigate the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers followed by scratch assay and an invasion assay as functional confirmation. Furthermore, microarray data were analysed for genes associated with the MET process, invasion and angiogenesis. CDV-infected cells exhibited an increased expression of epithelial markers such as E-cadherin and cytokeratin 8 compared to controls, indicating a MET process. This was accompanied by a reduced cell motility and invasiveness. In summary, the first study results suggest a reduced activation of the HIF-1 α angiogenic downstream pathway in DH82Ond pi cells in vitro, most likely due to an excessive, unusually localized, and non-functional expression of HIF-1 α triggered by a CDV-induced increased oxidative stress. Summarized, ,the second study results suggest that CDV infection of DH82 cells triggers the MET process by an increased expression of epithelial markers resulting in a decreased cell motility in vitro.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/153847
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-153847