Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been reported to be associated with increased therapeutic efficacy of trastuzumab/pertuzumab-based neoadjuvant therapy (NT) in patients (pts) with HER2-positive breast cancer (BC). Subcutaneous (SC) trastuzumab has non-inferior efficacy to intravenous (IV) administration, with a similar safety profile. Interestingly, SC trastuzumab has been observed to be more immunogenic than IV trastuzumab and act at different immunologic levels. Therefore, by modifying the modality of administration of trastuzumab, it could be possible to interfere with different immune pathways and exert a favorable immunomodulation in HER2-positive BC. In this non-comparative, phase II, neoadjuvant, randomized study, patients were eligible if they had previously untreated, histologically confirmed, locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage HER2-positive BC. Patients were treated with 5-fluoruracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide (FEC) chemotherapy for 3 cycles. Then they were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive docetaxel + pertuzumab IV + trastuzumab IV for 4 cycles (arm A) or docetaxel + pertuzumab IV + trastuzumab SC for 4 cycles (arm B). Post-surgery, all patients received trastuzumab for 14 cycles using the same formulation (SC or IV) of the preoperative phase. The primary endpoint was the rate of stromal TILs (sTILs) on residual disease after surgery. Tumor biopsy and post-treatment surgical samples were centrally analyzed for TILs. Blood samples were also collected during NT for tumor-specific lymphocyte cell activity analysis. Feasibility, efficacy and safety were also evaluated. Between November 2016 and September 2017, according to an adaptive Simon's two-stage optimal design, we enrolled 65 pts, of whom two were deemed ineligible for the study. Thus, 63 patients (31 in arm A and 32 in arm B) were assessed for the primary and secondary endpoints. The pathologic complete response (pCR; no invasive tumor in breast and axilla) rates were 64.5% in arm A, and 59.4% in arm B. The most common adverse events of grade 3 or higher were neutropenia (15 [48.4%] patients in arm A, and 11 [34.4%] in arm B), neurotoxicity (1 [3.2%], and 2 [6.2%], respectively), and diarrhea (1 [3.2%], and 1 [3.1%], respectively). There were no events of congestive heart failure. At surgery, 11 patients in arm A and 13 patients in arm B were evaluable for TIL analysis. The median value of sTILs (7.5%) on pre-treatment tumor biopsies was used as the cut-off value, and high sTIL levels were observed in 27.3% and in 46.1% of residual tumors after treatment arm A and B, respectively. Interestingly, a significant inverse correlation was observed between PD-L1 expression on pretreatment sTILs and the T cell co-receptor CD3 expressed on post-treatment sTILs (Pearson’s ρ = -0.70). This finding was particularly evident in the arm B group (ρ = -0.85). NT with either SC or IV trastuzumab in combination with pertuzumab and chemotherapy had a significant effect on sTIL expression at surgery. In particular, the SC trastuzumab-based arm exerted the most relevant enrichment of sTILS in post-treatment residual tumors and a greater rise of CD3 cells on peripheral good. These findings suggest a role for the SC administration of anti-HER2 mAbs in determining favorable variations of host immune response parameters among patients with HER2-positive early BC who had residual disease after NT.
I linfociti infiltranti il tumore (TILs) sono associati ad una maggiore efficacia terapeutica della terapia neoadiuvante basata su trastuzumab / pertuzumab in pazienti con carcinoma mammario HER2-positivo. Il trastuzumab sottocutaneo (SC) ha dimostrato un'efficacia non inferiore rispetto alla somministrazione endovenosa (EV), con un profilo di sicurezza simile. È interessante notare come il trastuzumab SC è stato osservato essere più immunogeno del trastuzumab EV e agire a diversi livelli immunologici. Pertanto, modificando la modalità di somministrazione di trastuzumab, si potrebbe interferire sul sistema immunitario a diversi livelli ed esercitare un'immunomodulazione favorevole nel tumore mammario HER2-positivo. In questo studio non comparativo, di fase II, randomizzato, nel setting neoadiuvante, erano eleggibili pazienti con diagnosi di carcinoma mammario HER2-positivo, istologicamente confermato, non precedentemente trattato, in stadio localmente avanzato, infiammatorio o iniziale. Le pazienti sono state inizialmente trattate con chemioterapia a base di 5-fluoruracile, epirubicina e ciclofosfamide (FEC) per 3 cicli. Quindi sono state assegnate in modo casuale in un rapporto 1: 1 a ricevere docetaxel + pertuzumab EV + trastuzumab EV per 4 cicli (braccio A) o docetaxel + pertuzumab EV + trastuzumab SC per 4 cicli (braccio B). Dopo l'intervento chirurgico, tutte le pazienti hanno ricevuto trastuzumab per 14 cicli utilizzando la stessa formulazione (SC o EV) della fase preoperatoria. L'endpoint primario dello studio era il tasso di TILs stromali (sTILs) nella malattia residua dopo intervento chirurgico. I campioni chirurgici della biopsia iniziale sul tumore primitivo e post-trattamento sono stati analizzati per quantificare i TILs. Sono stati inoltre raccolti dei campioni di sangue periferico, a tre punti-tempo predeterminati durante la terapia neoadiuvante, per l'analisi della concentrazione e dell'attività delle cellule linfocitarie tumore-specifiche. Fattibilità, efficacia e sicurezza dello studio sono infine state valutate. Tra novembre 2016 e settembre 2017, secondo un progetto in due fasi di Simon, abbiamo arruolato 65 pazienti, di cui due ritenute non ammissibili per lo studio. Pertanto sono state valutate complessivamente 63 pazienti (31 nel braccio A e 32 nel braccio B) per l’analisi degli endpoints primari e secondari. I tassi di risposta patologica completa ottenuti dopo trattamento neoadiuvante sono stati del 64,5% nel braccio A e del 59,4% nel braccio B, rispettivamente. Gli eventi avversi più comuni di grado 3 o superiore sono stati neutropenia (15 [48,4%] pazienti nel braccio A e 11 [34,4%] nel braccio B), neurotossicità (1 [3,2%] e 2 [6,2%], rispettivamente) e diarrea (1 [3,2%] e 1 [3,1%], rispettivamente). Non ci sono stati casi di insufficienza cardiaca congestizia. Durante l'intervento chirurgico, 11 pazienti nel braccio A e 13 pazienti nel braccio B sono risultate valutabili per l'analisi dei TILs. Come parametro di cut-off è stato utilizzato il valore mediano dei sTILs (7,5%) riscontrato nelle biopsie tumorali pre-trattamento e sono stati osservati alti livelli di sTILs nel 27,3% e nel 46,1% dei tumori residui dopo trattamento neoadiuvante nei bracci A e B, rispettivamente. È interessante notare come sia emersa una correlazione inversa significativa tra l'espressione di PD-L1 sui sTILs prima del trattamento neoadiuvante e il co-recettore CD3 delle cellule T espresso su sTILs post-trattamento (ρ = -0,70 di Pearson). Questa correlazione è risultata particolarmente evidente nel braccio B (ρ = -0,85). La terapia neoadiuvante con trastuzumab SC o EV in associazione con pertuzumab e chemioterapia ha dimostrato un effetto significativo sull'espressione di sTILs su tessuto tumorale dopo intervento chirurgico. In particolare il braccio B, a cui è stato somministrato il trastuzumab SC, ha mostrato sia un più rilevante arricchimento di sTILs nel residuo tumorale post-trattamento, sia un più significativo incremento delle cellule CD3 su sangue periferico. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono un ruolo della somministrazione sottocutanea di anticorpi anti-HER2 nel determinare variazioni immunofenotipiche favorevoli della risposta immunitaria dell’ospite nelle pazienti affette da tumore mammario HER2-positivo in stadio iniziale con residuo di malattia dopo trattamento neoadiuvante.
Evaluation of adaptive and innate immune mechanisms of action of Pertuzumab plus Trastuzumab against HER2-positive breast cancer
2020
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been reported to be associated with increased therapeutic efficacy of trastuzumab/pertuzumab-based neoadjuvant therapy (NT) in patients (pts) with HER2-positive breast cancer (BC). Subcutaneous (SC) trastuzumab has non-inferior efficacy to intravenous (IV) administration, with a similar safety profile. Interestingly, SC trastuzumab has been observed to be more immunogenic than IV trastuzumab and act at different immunologic levels. Therefore, by modifying the modality of administration of trastuzumab, it could be possible to interfere with different immune pathways and exert a favorable immunomodulation in HER2-positive BC. In this non-comparative, phase II, neoadjuvant, randomized study, patients were eligible if they had previously untreated, histologically confirmed, locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage HER2-positive BC. Patients were treated with 5-fluoruracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide (FEC) chemotherapy for 3 cycles. Then they were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive docetaxel + pertuzumab IV + trastuzumab IV for 4 cycles (arm A) or docetaxel + pertuzumab IV + trastuzumab SC for 4 cycles (arm B). Post-surgery, all patients received trastuzumab for 14 cycles using the same formulation (SC or IV) of the preoperative phase. The primary endpoint was the rate of stromal TILs (sTILs) on residual disease after surgery. Tumor biopsy and post-treatment surgical samples were centrally analyzed for TILs. Blood samples were also collected during NT for tumor-specific lymphocyte cell activity analysis. Feasibility, efficacy and safety were also evaluated. Between November 2016 and September 2017, according to an adaptive Simon's two-stage optimal design, we enrolled 65 pts, of whom two were deemed ineligible for the study. Thus, 63 patients (31 in arm A and 32 in arm B) were assessed for the primary and secondary endpoints. The pathologic complete response (pCR; no invasive tumor in breast and axilla) rates were 64.5% in arm A, and 59.4% in arm B. The most common adverse events of grade 3 or higher were neutropenia (15 [48.4%] patients in arm A, and 11 [34.4%] in arm B), neurotoxicity (1 [3.2%], and 2 [6.2%], respectively), and diarrhea (1 [3.2%], and 1 [3.1%], respectively). There were no events of congestive heart failure. At surgery, 11 patients in arm A and 13 patients in arm B were evaluable for TIL analysis. The median value of sTILs (7.5%) on pre-treatment tumor biopsies was used as the cut-off value, and high sTIL levels were observed in 27.3% and in 46.1% of residual tumors after treatment arm A and B, respectively. Interestingly, a significant inverse correlation was observed between PD-L1 expression on pretreatment sTILs and the T cell co-receptor CD3 expressed on post-treatment sTILs (Pearson’s ρ = -0.70). This finding was particularly evident in the arm B group (ρ = -0.85). NT with either SC or IV trastuzumab in combination with pertuzumab and chemotherapy had a significant effect on sTIL expression at surgery. In particular, the SC trastuzumab-based arm exerted the most relevant enrichment of sTILS in post-treatment residual tumors and a greater rise of CD3 cells on peripheral good. These findings suggest a role for the SC administration of anti-HER2 mAbs in determining favorable variations of host immune response parameters among patients with HER2-positive early BC who had residual disease after NT.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/154240
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-154240