The current individual management of Standard Essential Patents licenses based on the FRAND clause and bilateral negotiation originating from it has not proven satisfactory. Empirical analyses demonstrate that the aforementioned clause has led to the conclusion of a limited number of agreements, resulting instead in numerous disputes over its correct application, many of which have assumed antitrust relevance. The reluctance shown so far by European institutions to adopt appropriately regulated mechanisms for the centralized management of FRAND licenses by SSOs has effectively focused the antitrust approach to the phenomenon on the sanctioning ground of abuse of dominant position. However, the applicative assumptions of Article 102 TFUE have proved complex in the analyses conducted by antitrust practice and jurisprudence regarding cases concerning refusal to license involving essential IP rights. The uncertainties affect both the elements attributing the abusiveness of the conduct of the SEP holder and the determination of the prodromal condition for the existence of any abuse, namely the assessment of the dominance of the undertaking in the market. The determination of this precondition has always been characterized by a general simplification, victim of an entrenched tendency to consider the dominance power inherent in the ownership of the essential patent. In the context considered here, the consolidated rejection of the aprioristic coincidence between dominance position and patent monopoly seems to falter. This work aims to investigate the actual correlation between the ownership of a Standard Essential Patent and the economic power attributed to it. The intention is to verify under what circumstances the latter can strictly be identified in the "substantial behavioral independence" European Antitrust Law refers to the notion of dominant position.
L’attuale gestione individuale delle licenze di Standard Essential Patents basata sulla clausola FRAND e sulla negoziazione bilaterale che dalla stessa dovrebbe originare, non si è dimostrata soddisfacente. Analisi empiriche dimostrano come suddetta clausola ha condotto alla stipulazione di un esiguo numero di accordi, generando per contro numerosi contenziosi sulla sua corretta applicazione, molti dei quali hanno assunto rilevanza antitrust. La refrattarietà finora dimostrata dalle istituzioni europee verso l’adozione di meccanismi, opportunamente regolati, di gestione accentrata delle licenze FRAND da parte delle SSOs ha di fatto focalizzato l’approccio antitrust del fenomeno sul terreno sanzionatorio dell’abuso di posizione dominante. I presupposti applicativi dell’art. 102 TFUE si sono tuttavia dimostrati di complesso riscontro nelle analisi condotte dalla prassi e dalla giurisprudenza antimonopolistica rispetto alle fattispecie riguardanti le ipotesi di refusal to license aventi ad oggetto DPI essenziali. Le incertezze investono tanto gli elementi a cui ricondurre l’abusività della condotta del SEP holder, quanto l’accertamento della condizione prodromica per la sussistenza di qualsiasi abuso, ovvero la constatazione della dominanza dell’impresa sul mercato. L’accertamento di tale precondizione è sempre stato improntato su una generale semplificazione, vittima di un’ancorata tendenza a considerare il potere di dominanza insito nella stessa titolarità della privativa essenziale. Nel contesto qui considerato, il consolidato rifiuto dell’aprioristica coincidenza tra posizione di dominanza sul mercato e monopolio brevettuale sembra venire meno. Il presente lavoro si propone di indagare l’effettiva correlazione tra la titolarità di un brevetto Standard Essential e il potere economico dalla stessa attribuito. L’intento è quello di verificare al sussistere di quali circostanze quest’ultimo possa a rigore identificarsi nella “sostanziale indipendenza comportamentale” a cui il diritto antitrust europeo riconduce la nozione di dominanza sul mercato.
Standard tecnologici e dominanza di mercato
COPPOLA, BEATRICE
2024
Abstract
The current individual management of Standard Essential Patents licenses based on the FRAND clause and bilateral negotiation originating from it has not proven satisfactory. Empirical analyses demonstrate that the aforementioned clause has led to the conclusion of a limited number of agreements, resulting instead in numerous disputes over its correct application, many of which have assumed antitrust relevance. The reluctance shown so far by European institutions to adopt appropriately regulated mechanisms for the centralized management of FRAND licenses by SSOs has effectively focused the antitrust approach to the phenomenon on the sanctioning ground of abuse of dominant position. However, the applicative assumptions of Article 102 TFUE have proved complex in the analyses conducted by antitrust practice and jurisprudence regarding cases concerning refusal to license involving essential IP rights. The uncertainties affect both the elements attributing the abusiveness of the conduct of the SEP holder and the determination of the prodromal condition for the existence of any abuse, namely the assessment of the dominance of the undertaking in the market. The determination of this precondition has always been characterized by a general simplification, victim of an entrenched tendency to consider the dominance power inherent in the ownership of the essential patent. In the context considered here, the consolidated rejection of the aprioristic coincidence between dominance position and patent monopoly seems to falter. This work aims to investigate the actual correlation between the ownership of a Standard Essential Patent and the economic power attributed to it. The intention is to verify under what circumstances the latter can strictly be identified in the "substantial behavioral independence" European Antitrust Law refers to the notion of dominant position.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/157783
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-157783