This work addresses the theory of positive (and negative) obligations in criminal law arising from the European Convention on Human Rights. The aim of the research is to measure the impact of this duty to punish (and not to punish) on the Italian criminal justice system, focusing on the perspectives offered by lawful risk activities. Firstly, the origins, traceable to the case law of the German Federal Constitutional Court in the 1970s, and the categories of positive obligations, distinguished into positive and negative obligations and substantive and procedural obligations, are presented. Secondly, obligations to protect and obligations to criminalise emanating from the core rights, Articles 2, 3 and 4 ECHR, as well as Article 8 ECHR, are discussed. The obligations to protect, especially pertaining to the right to life (Art. 2 ECHR) are divided between those regarding specific victims or the society in general. The obligations to criminalise mainly concern torture (Art. 3 ECHR), slavery and forced labor (Art. 4 ECHR), and violations of the respect for private life (Art. 8 ECHR). For each, compatibility of the corresponding criminal provisions contained in the Criminal Code and other bodies of law is considered. The compliance of domestic law defenses with Articles 2 and 3 ECHR is also taken into consideration. Thirdly, the development of positive obligations in criminal law in the area of permitted risk is explored in depth, especially with regard to business and industrial activities, disastrous events caused by atmospheric phenomena, road traffic, and medical practice. In this respect, light is shed on the case-law establishing causation and the duty to punish conducts carried out with colpa. Finally, the focus is shifted to negative obligations in criminal law. At this juncture, the exercise of the right to private life and of fundamental freedoms, such as freedom of thought, assembly, and likewise of expression are looked at as limitations to the use of the criminal law. Lastly, a dedicated space is reserved for the notion of chilling effect.
Il presente elaborato affronta la teorica degli obblighi positivi (e negativi) di tutela penale derivanti dalla Convenzione europea dei diritti dell’uomo. L’obbiettivo della ricerca è quello di misurare l’incidenza di tale dovere di punire (e di non punire) sull’ordinamento penale italiano, focalizzandosi sulle prospettive offerte dalle attività a rischio base consentito. In primis, vengono presentate le origini, riconducibili alla giurisprudenza della Corte costituzionale federale tedesca degli anni ’70, e le categorie delle positive obligations, distinte in obblighi positivi e negativi e obblighi sostanziali e procedurali. In secundis, vengono trattati gli obblighi di protezione e gli obblighi di incriminazione promananti dai core rights, di cui agli artt. 2, 3 e 4 CEDU, oltre che all’art. 8 CEDU. Gli obblighi di protezione, specialmente afferenti al diritto alla vita (art. 2 CEDU) sono a loro volta ripartiti tra quelli riguardanti vittime determinate o la generalità dei consociati. Gli obblighi di incriminazione sono soprattutto concernenti la tortura (art. 3 CEDU), la schiavitù e il lavoro forzato (art. 4 CEDU), nonché le violazioni della vita privata (art. 8 CEDU). Per ciascuno si prende in esame la compatibilità delle corrispondenti norme incriminatrici contenute nel codice penale e nelle leggi speciali nazionali. Si considera inoltre la rispondenza delle scriminanti di diritto interno con gli artt. 2 e 3 CEDU. In tertiis, viene approfondita l’evoluzione degli obblighi positivi di tutela penale nell’ambito del rischio consentito, specialmente per ciò che concerne l’attività d’impresa e industriale, gli eventi disastrosi causati da fenomeni atmosferici, la circolazione su strada e l’attività medico-sanitaria. Sotto questo profilo, si getta luce sulla giurisprudenza inerente all’accertamento del nesso di causalità e al dovere di punire condotte colpose. Infine, l’attenzione viene spostata sugli obblighi negativi di tutela penale. In questo frangente, si guarda all’esercizio del diritto alla vita privata e di libertà fondamentali, quali la libertà di pensiero, di riunione, e altresì di espressione, come limitazioni all’uso del diritto penale. Uno spazio dedicato è da ultimo riservato alla nozione di chilling effect.
Gli obblighi di tutela penale nella Convenzione europea dei diritti dell’uomo. Prospettive evolutive nel contesto delle attività a rischio base lecito
BONDI, GIANMARCO
2024
Abstract
This work addresses the theory of positive (and negative) obligations in criminal law arising from the European Convention on Human Rights. The aim of the research is to measure the impact of this duty to punish (and not to punish) on the Italian criminal justice system, focusing on the perspectives offered by lawful risk activities. Firstly, the origins, traceable to the case law of the German Federal Constitutional Court in the 1970s, and the categories of positive obligations, distinguished into positive and negative obligations and substantive and procedural obligations, are presented. Secondly, obligations to protect and obligations to criminalise emanating from the core rights, Articles 2, 3 and 4 ECHR, as well as Article 8 ECHR, are discussed. The obligations to protect, especially pertaining to the right to life (Art. 2 ECHR) are divided between those regarding specific victims or the society in general. The obligations to criminalise mainly concern torture (Art. 3 ECHR), slavery and forced labor (Art. 4 ECHR), and violations of the respect for private life (Art. 8 ECHR). For each, compatibility of the corresponding criminal provisions contained in the Criminal Code and other bodies of law is considered. The compliance of domestic law defenses with Articles 2 and 3 ECHR is also taken into consideration. Thirdly, the development of positive obligations in criminal law in the area of permitted risk is explored in depth, especially with regard to business and industrial activities, disastrous events caused by atmospheric phenomena, road traffic, and medical practice. In this respect, light is shed on the case-law establishing causation and the duty to punish conducts carried out with colpa. Finally, the focus is shifted to negative obligations in criminal law. At this juncture, the exercise of the right to private life and of fundamental freedoms, such as freedom of thought, assembly, and likewise of expression are looked at as limitations to the use of the criminal law. Lastly, a dedicated space is reserved for the notion of chilling effect.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/157788
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-157788