The dissertation consists of two independent essays on corporate takeovers. Chapter 1 studies the effect of acquirers heterogeneity on rivals of acquired targets. Overall, the empirical evidence confirms the existence of spillover effects: firms modify their corporate policies in response to the acquisition of their rivals. Strategic takeovers generate higher acquisitions, whereas private equity leveraged buyouts lead to lower capital expenditures. Also, firms increase leverage and payout when their peers are bought out by private equity funds. These adjustments are consistent with firms trying to avoid being acquired themselves. We also find that firms decrease acquisitions and increase payout as the market share of PE-acquired peers is higher, which points towards a relaxation of the competitive pressure in the product market after LBOs. Finally, studying the debt-heaviness and the cash-richness of both acquired peers and the sample firms, we find little support to the predation theory. Complementary analyses show that leveraged buyouts reduce the return volatility of target’s rivals, especially if they are not market leaders. Finally, firms are more likely to go bankrupt if at least one of their rivals is acquired by private equity. Chapter 2 focuses on one increasingly important segment of mergers and acquisitions market, e.g. the market for leveraged buyouts, where takeovers are performed by private equity funds and club deals. Comparing sole-PE’s and club deals’ private negotiation phase, the one happening before the public announcement to the market, I find that clubs are created in order to collect more resources and buy targets that could not be otherwise bought out by a single acquirer. Indeed, club members commit less equity as percentage of deal value as they do in sole PE deals. Moreover, clubs are associated with higher level of competition with respect to sole PE LBOs, with more potential acquirers, more offers made to the target and more time taken to close the deal. I also show that there is no significant difference in the market reaction to sole PE and club deals and premium received is in line with premium received by shareholders selling their company to a single PE fund.
La tesi si compone di due saggi indipendenti sulle acquisizioni aziendali. Il capitolo 1 studia l'effetto dell'eterogeneità degli acquirenti sui rivali dei target acquisiti. Nel complesso, l'evidenza empirica conferma l'esistenza di effetti di spillover: le imprese modificano le proprie politiche aziendali in risposta all'acquisizione dei loro rivali. Le acquisizioni strategiche generano maggiori acquisizioni, mentre i leveraged buyouts dei fondi di private equity portano a minori capital expenditures. Inoltre, le aziende aumentano il debito e il payout quando i loro rivali vengono acquisiti da fondi di private equity. Questi adeguamenti testimoniano il tentativo delle imprese di evitare di essere acquisite. Inoltre le aziende diminuiscono le acquisizioni e aumentano i pagamenti agli azionisti quando la quota di mercato dei rivali acquisiti dal PE è maggiore, il che indica un rilassamento della pressione competitiva nel mercato dopo gli LBOs. Infine, studiando il debito e il cash sia dei peer acquisiti che delle società campione, troviamo scarso supporto alla teoria della predazione. Analisi complementari mostrano che il PE riduce la volatilità del rendimento dei rivali, soprattutto se non si qualificano come leader di mercato. Infine, vi è una maggiore probabilità di fallimento per le società con almeno un rivale acquisito da un fondo di PE. Il capitolo 2 studia un segmento sempre più importante di fusioni e acquisizioni, il mercato dei leveraged buyouts, in cui le acquisizioni vengono eseguite da fondi di private equity e club deals. Confrontando la fase di negoziazione privata di sole-PE e club deals, fase che avviene prima dell'annuncio pubblico al mercato, risulta che i club vengono creati al fine di raccogliere più risorse e acquisire società che non potrebbero essere altrimenti acquisite da un unico acquirente. Infatti, i membri del club investono meno equity in percentuale del valore del deal rispetto a quanto investono nei sole-PE deals. Inoltre, i club sono associati a un livello di competizione più elevato rispetto ai sole-PE LBOs, con più potenziali acquirenti, più offerte fatte al target e più tempo impiegato per chiudere l'accordo. Viene inoltre dimostrato che non vi è alcuna differenza significativa nella reazione di mercato ai sole-PE e ai club deals e il premio ricevuto dagli azionisti nei clubs è in linea con il premio ricevuto nei sole-PE deals.
ACQUISITIONS AND LEVERAGED BUYOUTS
Faverzani, Lara
2022
Abstract
The dissertation consists of two independent essays on corporate takeovers. Chapter 1 studies the effect of acquirers heterogeneity on rivals of acquired targets. Overall, the empirical evidence confirms the existence of spillover effects: firms modify their corporate policies in response to the acquisition of their rivals. Strategic takeovers generate higher acquisitions, whereas private equity leveraged buyouts lead to lower capital expenditures. Also, firms increase leverage and payout when their peers are bought out by private equity funds. These adjustments are consistent with firms trying to avoid being acquired themselves. We also find that firms decrease acquisitions and increase payout as the market share of PE-acquired peers is higher, which points towards a relaxation of the competitive pressure in the product market after LBOs. Finally, studying the debt-heaviness and the cash-richness of both acquired peers and the sample firms, we find little support to the predation theory. Complementary analyses show that leveraged buyouts reduce the return volatility of target’s rivals, especially if they are not market leaders. Finally, firms are more likely to go bankrupt if at least one of their rivals is acquired by private equity. Chapter 2 focuses on one increasingly important segment of mergers and acquisitions market, e.g. the market for leveraged buyouts, where takeovers are performed by private equity funds and club deals. Comparing sole-PE’s and club deals’ private negotiation phase, the one happening before the public announcement to the market, I find that clubs are created in order to collect more resources and buy targets that could not be otherwise bought out by a single acquirer. Indeed, club members commit less equity as percentage of deal value as they do in sole PE deals. Moreover, clubs are associated with higher level of competition with respect to sole PE LBOs, with more potential acquirers, more offers made to the target and more time taken to close the deal. I also show that there is no significant difference in the market reaction to sole PE and club deals and premium received is in line with premium received by shareholders selling their company to a single PE fund.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/159969
URN:NBN:IT:UNICATT-159969