Chronic glucocorticoids (GCs) excess and disrupted circadian rhythm lead to Cushing’s Syndrome (CS), a severe clinical condition delineated by insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and impaired immune system. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, able to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, and in recent years, it has been demonstrated their involvement in the onset and development of different pathologies. As undifferentiated progenitors of adipocytes and osteoblasts, MSCs may display the detrimental effects of GCs excess and they could be involved in IR and osteoporosis issues. In this line, the involvement of MSCs in CS was studied in three different and independent tasks, in which the mechanisms underlying these comorbidities were investigated. MSCs were isolated from the skin of healthy control subjects (C-MSCs) and of patients affected by Cushing Syndrome, both exogenous (EXO-MSCs) and endogenous (ENDO-MSCs) CS and used to evaluate their role in the onset of CS comorbidities. In addition, MSCs were isolated from patients affected by exogenous CS but treated with steroid sparing (EXO-SS-MSCs). The results showed that MSCs could be a prominent new model to study IR. In the TASK1, the exposure of C-MSCs to constantly high concentrations of GCs significantly decreased glucose uptake by blocking GLUT-4 translocation and improved lipolysis when the exposure to GCs was prolonged. Furthermore, in TASK3 mitochondrial dysfunctions were detected in MSCs isolated from Cushing patients. These data displayed that the excessive fragmented mitochondrial network destroyed the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS levels and decreased ATP production, promoting the hypothesis that impaired mitochondrial metabolism could also contribute to the development of IR. The outcomes of TASK2 demonstrated the involvement of MSCs in osteoporosis. MSCs isolated from Cushing patients showed a reduced capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts, with concomitant decreased ALP activity, poor matrix mineralization, and a tardive expression of genes related to osteoblastogenesis. Despite their poor differentiation capacity, the ratio RANK-L/OPG was higher in EXO-CS-MSCs, resulting in enhanced bone resorption by promoting differentiation and maturation of PBMCs into osteoclasts. On the contrary, the long-term effects of GCs in patients with endogenous CS resulted in depressed osteoclast activity. Moreover, the results of TASK2 and 3 confirmed the ability of steroid sparing treatments in reducing the effects of GCs long-term therapy also at stem level: osteoblastogenesis and mitochondrial functions of EXO-SS MSCs were closer to those observed in C-MSCs than EXO-MSCs. In conclusion, this thesis highlights the impact of GCs excess on MSCs, that represent a new cellular model to study CS. The involvement of MSCs in IR, osteoporosis and potentially other related Cushing’s comorbidities sets the stage for new studies aimed to understand the specific mechanisms that driving these issues, and it could be a new starting point for more specific and targeted therapy.
L'eccesso cronico di glucocorticoidi (GCs) e la disfunzione del ritmo circadiano inducono l'insorgenza della Sindrome di Cushing (CS), una grave condizione clinica delineata dalla resistenza all'insulina (IR), dislipidemia, malattie cardiovascolari, osteoporosi e compromissione del sistema immunitario. Le cellule staminali mesenchimali (MSCs) sono cellule multipotenti, in grado di differenziarsi in adipociti, condrociti e osteoblasti, e negli ultimi anni, è stato dimostrato il loro coinvolgimento nell'insorgenza e nello sviluppo di diverse patologie. Come progenitori indifferenziati degli adipociti e degli osteoblasti, le MSCs possono presentare gli effetti dannosi dovuti all' eccesso dei GCs e potrebbero essere coinvolte nello sviluppo di osteoporosi e IR. In quest'ottica, il coinvolgimento delle MSCs in CS è stato studiato in tre TASKS differenti, in cui sono stati studiati i meccanismi alla base di queste patologie . Le MSCs sono state isolate da biopsie cutanee di soggetti di controllo sani (C-MSC) e di pazienti affetti da sindrome di Cushing, sia esogeni (EXO-MSCs) che endogeni (ENDO-MSCs) e utilizzate per valutare il loro ruolo nell'insorgenza delle patologie correlate a CS. Inoltre, le MSCs sono state isolate da pazienti affetti da CS esogena ma trattati con steroid sparing (EXO SS-MSCs). I risultati hanno indicato che le MSCs potrebbero essere un nuovo promettente modello per studiare IR. Nella TASK1, l'esposizione di C-MSCs a concentrazioni costantemente elevate di GCs ha diminuito significativamente l'assorbimento del glucosio bloccando la traslocazione di GLUT-4 e incrementando la lipolisi in seguito ed esposizioni prolungate di GCs. Inoltre, nella TASK3 sono state individuatele disfunzioni mitocondriali in MSCs isolate da pazienti Cushing. Questi dati hanno mostrato che l'eccessiva frammentazione della rete mitocondriale ha distrutto il potenziale della membrana mitocondriale, aumentato i livelli di ROS e diminuito la produzione di ATP, promuovendo l'ipotesi che un metabolismo mitocondriale alterato potrebbe contribuire allo sviluppo di IR. I risultati della TASK2 hanno dimostrato il coinvolgimento delle MSCs nell'osteoporosi. Le MSCs isolate da pazienti Cushing hanno mostrato una ridotta capacità di differenziarsi in osteoblasti, con una concomitante diminuzione dell'attività ALP, una scarsa mineralizzazione della matrice e un'espressione tardiva di geni correlati all'osteoblastogenesi. Nonostante la loro scarsa capacità di differenziazione, il rapporto RANK-L/ OPG era più alto in EXO-MSCs, promuovendo, quindi la differenziazione e la maturazione dei PBMCs in osteoclasti e conseguente aumento del riassorbimento osseo . Al contrario, gli effetti a lungo termine dei GCs nei pazienti con CS endogena hanno ridotto l'attività degli osteoclasti. Inoltre, i risultati delle TASK2 e 3 hanno confermato che i trattamenti steroid sparing riducono gli effetti della terapia a lungo termine con GCs: l'osteoblastogenesi e le funzioni mitocondriali di EXO SS-MSCs, infatti, erano più simili a quelle osservate in C-MSCs pittosto che in EXO-MSCs. In conclusione, questa tesi evidenzia l'impatto dell'eccesso di GCs sulle MSCs, che rappresentano un nuovo modello cellulare per studiare CS. Il coinvolgimento delle MSCs in IR, osteoporosi e altre patologie potenzialmente correlate a CS pone le basi per nuovi studi volti a comprendere i meccanismi specifici che guidano queste comorbidità, e potrebbe essere un nuovo punto di partenza per terapie più specifiche e mirate.
NEW INSIGHTS ON MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS DYSFUNCTIONS IN COMPLICATIONS OF CUSHING SYNDROME
DI VINCENZO, MARIANGELA
2024
Abstract
Chronic glucocorticoids (GCs) excess and disrupted circadian rhythm lead to Cushing’s Syndrome (CS), a severe clinical condition delineated by insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and impaired immune system. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, able to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, and in recent years, it has been demonstrated their involvement in the onset and development of different pathologies. As undifferentiated progenitors of adipocytes and osteoblasts, MSCs may display the detrimental effects of GCs excess and they could be involved in IR and osteoporosis issues. In this line, the involvement of MSCs in CS was studied in three different and independent tasks, in which the mechanisms underlying these comorbidities were investigated. MSCs were isolated from the skin of healthy control subjects (C-MSCs) and of patients affected by Cushing Syndrome, both exogenous (EXO-MSCs) and endogenous (ENDO-MSCs) CS and used to evaluate their role in the onset of CS comorbidities. In addition, MSCs were isolated from patients affected by exogenous CS but treated with steroid sparing (EXO-SS-MSCs). The results showed that MSCs could be a prominent new model to study IR. In the TASK1, the exposure of C-MSCs to constantly high concentrations of GCs significantly decreased glucose uptake by blocking GLUT-4 translocation and improved lipolysis when the exposure to GCs was prolonged. Furthermore, in TASK3 mitochondrial dysfunctions were detected in MSCs isolated from Cushing patients. These data displayed that the excessive fragmented mitochondrial network destroyed the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS levels and decreased ATP production, promoting the hypothesis that impaired mitochondrial metabolism could also contribute to the development of IR. The outcomes of TASK2 demonstrated the involvement of MSCs in osteoporosis. MSCs isolated from Cushing patients showed a reduced capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts, with concomitant decreased ALP activity, poor matrix mineralization, and a tardive expression of genes related to osteoblastogenesis. Despite their poor differentiation capacity, the ratio RANK-L/OPG was higher in EXO-CS-MSCs, resulting in enhanced bone resorption by promoting differentiation and maturation of PBMCs into osteoclasts. On the contrary, the long-term effects of GCs in patients with endogenous CS resulted in depressed osteoclast activity. Moreover, the results of TASK2 and 3 confirmed the ability of steroid sparing treatments in reducing the effects of GCs long-term therapy also at stem level: osteoblastogenesis and mitochondrial functions of EXO-SS MSCs were closer to those observed in C-MSCs than EXO-MSCs. In conclusion, this thesis highlights the impact of GCs excess on MSCs, that represent a new cellular model to study CS. The involvement of MSCs in IR, osteoporosis and potentially other related Cushing’s comorbidities sets the stage for new studies aimed to understand the specific mechanisms that driving these issues, and it could be a new starting point for more specific and targeted therapy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/164669
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-164669