Insect meal inclusion in aquafeed has been claimed to be beneficial for fish health, even if controversial results on growth performance and nutrient bioavailability have been reported in the literature. This appears to be due to the chitin content of insect meal, which seems to have a dose-response action in fish metabolism. Given these considerations, we carried out two different research, the first for the evaluation of post-prandial kinetics of digestive function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a practical tool for nutritional studies, and the second was the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo effect of chitin in feeds for rainbow trout. Chapter 1 focuses on the nutritional value and functional properties of insect meal in fish feed, firstly introducing the need for sustainable aquafeed production followed by specific nutritional properties of the eight insect species authorized for aquaculture. The chapter continues reporting studies focusing on insect inclusion as potential nutrient sources in aquafeeds and the effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut functionality, antioxidant capacity, immune response, and disease resistance. Chapter 2 shows the results of the literature revision to investigate the effect of chitin on fish metabolism. In addition to the effects of chitin on growth performance, microbiota modulation, immune response, and anti-inflammatory effect, the chemical properties, the possible application, the resource, the analytical determination, and the enzymatic digestion of chitin were also described. Given those considerations, it could be reasonable to assume that any research aiming at expanding the knowledge of the chitin effect when included in aquafeed would be relevant. In this regard, the following chapters focus on the in vivo and in vitro evaluation of increasing levels of pure chitin carried out with rainbow trout. To have a comprehensive picture of the digestive and absorptive effect of the main factor of our study, we took into consideration the post-prandial kinetics of digestive function in rainbow trout after a single meal. Chapter 3 evaluates the postprandial kinetics of gene expression of gastric and intestinal digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters, Brush Border Membrane (BBM) enzyme activity, and blood biochemistry through NMR spectroscopy in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a commercial aquafeed. The results showed that the expression of the genes involved in digestion and nutrient transport, the activity of BBM enzymes, and the presence of metabolites in blood were stimulated in different ways by the presence of feed in the digestive tract. Chapter 4 focuses on the in vitro effect of different chitin levels on protein degradation using the enzymatic extract obtained from the intestinal tract of rainbow trout. The in vitro assay investigated if and to what extent a graded increasing level of chitin (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%) in a highly digestible blend of purified proteins and a complete aquafeed formulation could affect protein hydrolysis. Overall results revealed that the dietary chitin level, until 4.5% of inclusion, does not interfere with the in vitro protein hydrolysis by digestive proteases of rainbow trout. Chapter 5 aims to assess the in vivo response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) when fed with increasing levels of chitin (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%) in a semi-purified basal diet. After 10 trials, fish were euthanized for the evaluation of growth performance, protein and lipids digestibility, blood biochemistry, brush border membrane enzyme and chitinolytic enzymes activity, gene expression of enzymes and nutrients transporters as well as the major pro-inflammatory intestinal cytokines. Overall, the results demonstrate a good tolerance of juvenile rainbow trout to diets including up to 3% chitin inclusion.
L’inclusione di farina di insetti nei mangimi per l’acquacoltura ha effetti positivi per la salute dei pesci, benché in letteratura siano stati riportati risultati controversi sulle prestazioni di crescita e sulla biodisponibilità dei nutrienti. Ciò sembra essere dovuto al contenuto di chitina presente nella farina di insetti, che sembra avere un’azione dose-risposta nel metabolismo dei pesci. Alla luce di queste considerazioni, sono state condotte due diverse ricerche: (1) valutare la cinetica post-prandiale della funzione digestiva nella trota iridea (Oncorhynchus mykiss) come strumento pratico a fini nutrizionali, (2) valutare l'effetto in vitro e in vivo della chitina nei mangimi per la trota iridea. Il capitolo 1 tratta il valore nutrizionale e le proprietà funzionali della farina d’insetto nei mangimi per pesci, soffermandosi sulla necessità di una produzione mangimistica sostenibile. Inoltre, si considera l’inclusione degli insetti come potenziale fonte di nutrienti, e i suoi effetti sulle prestazioni di crescita, sulla digeribilità dei nutrienti, sulla funzionalità intestinale, sulla capacità antiossidante, sulla risposta immunitaria e sulla resistenza alle malattie. Il capitolo 2 illustra i risultati presenti in letteratura sull'effetto della chitina sul metabolismo dei pesci, sugli effetti della chitina, sulla performance di crescita, sulla modulazione del microbiota, sulla risposta immunitaria e sull’effetto antinfiammatorio; inoltre, sono state descritte le proprietà chimiche della chitina, le sue possibili applicazioni, la sua determinazione analitica e la sua digestione enzimatica. Ogni ricerca volta ad ampliare la conoscenza dell’effetto della chitina negli aquafeed risulta quindi estremamente interessante. I capitoli successivi andranno a investigare livelli crescenti di chitina, in vivo e in vitro, somministrata alla trota iridea. A tal proposito, per valutare l’effetto digestivo e l’assorbimento della chitina, è stata considerata la cinetica post-prandiale nella trota iridea dopo un singolo pasto. Il capitolo 3 valuta la cinetica postprandiale dell’espressione genica degli enzimi digestivi gastrici e intestinali, dei trasportatori di nutrienti, dell’attività enzimatica della Brush Border Membrane (BBM) e della biochimica del sangue attraverso la spettroscopia NMR nella trota iridea alimentata con mangimi commerciali. I risultati mostrano che l’espressione dei geni coinvolti nella digestione e nel trasporto dei nutrienti, l’attività degli enzimi BBM e la presenza di metaboliti nel sangue vengono stimolati in diversi modi dalla presenza di mangime nel tratto digestivo. Il capitolo 4 si concentra sull'effetto in vitro di diversi livelli di chitina sulla degradazione delle proteine, utilizzando l'estratto enzimatico ottenuto dal tratto intestinale della trota iridea, e misurando se un livello crescente di chitina (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5%) in una miscela altamente digeribile di proteine purificate e una formulazione completa di mangime influenza l'idrolisi delle proteine. I risultati hanno rivelato che il livello di chitina nella dieta, fino al 4.5% di inclusione, non interferisce con l'idrolisi proteica in vitro da parte delle proteasi digestive della trota iridea. Il capitolo 5 mira a valutare la risposta in vivo della trota iridea alimentata con livelli crescenti di chitina (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5%) in una dieta basale semi-purificata. Dopo 10 prove, i pesci sono stati soppressi per valutare le prestazioni di crescita, la digeribilità delle proteine e dei lipidi, la biochimica del sangue, l'attività degli enzimi della BBM e degli enzimi chitinolitici, l'espressione genetica degli enzimi e dei trasportatori di nutrienti, nonché delle principali citochine intestinali proinfiammatorie. Nel complesso, i risultati dimostrano una buona tolleranza della trota iridea giovanile alle diete che includono fino al 3% di chitina.
VALORE NUTRIZIONALE E PROPRIETÀ FUNZIONALI DELLA FARINA DI INSETTI NEI MANGIMI PER PESCI
PASCON, GIULIA
2024
Abstract
Insect meal inclusion in aquafeed has been claimed to be beneficial for fish health, even if controversial results on growth performance and nutrient bioavailability have been reported in the literature. This appears to be due to the chitin content of insect meal, which seems to have a dose-response action in fish metabolism. Given these considerations, we carried out two different research, the first for the evaluation of post-prandial kinetics of digestive function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a practical tool for nutritional studies, and the second was the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo effect of chitin in feeds for rainbow trout. Chapter 1 focuses on the nutritional value and functional properties of insect meal in fish feed, firstly introducing the need for sustainable aquafeed production followed by specific nutritional properties of the eight insect species authorized for aquaculture. The chapter continues reporting studies focusing on insect inclusion as potential nutrient sources in aquafeeds and the effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut functionality, antioxidant capacity, immune response, and disease resistance. Chapter 2 shows the results of the literature revision to investigate the effect of chitin on fish metabolism. In addition to the effects of chitin on growth performance, microbiota modulation, immune response, and anti-inflammatory effect, the chemical properties, the possible application, the resource, the analytical determination, and the enzymatic digestion of chitin were also described. Given those considerations, it could be reasonable to assume that any research aiming at expanding the knowledge of the chitin effect when included in aquafeed would be relevant. In this regard, the following chapters focus on the in vivo and in vitro evaluation of increasing levels of pure chitin carried out with rainbow trout. To have a comprehensive picture of the digestive and absorptive effect of the main factor of our study, we took into consideration the post-prandial kinetics of digestive function in rainbow trout after a single meal. Chapter 3 evaluates the postprandial kinetics of gene expression of gastric and intestinal digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters, Brush Border Membrane (BBM) enzyme activity, and blood biochemistry through NMR spectroscopy in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a commercial aquafeed. The results showed that the expression of the genes involved in digestion and nutrient transport, the activity of BBM enzymes, and the presence of metabolites in blood were stimulated in different ways by the presence of feed in the digestive tract. Chapter 4 focuses on the in vitro effect of different chitin levels on protein degradation using the enzymatic extract obtained from the intestinal tract of rainbow trout. The in vitro assay investigated if and to what extent a graded increasing level of chitin (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%) in a highly digestible blend of purified proteins and a complete aquafeed formulation could affect protein hydrolysis. Overall results revealed that the dietary chitin level, until 4.5% of inclusion, does not interfere with the in vitro protein hydrolysis by digestive proteases of rainbow trout. Chapter 5 aims to assess the in vivo response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) when fed with increasing levels of chitin (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%) in a semi-purified basal diet. After 10 trials, fish were euthanized for the evaluation of growth performance, protein and lipids digestibility, blood biochemistry, brush border membrane enzyme and chitinolytic enzymes activity, gene expression of enzymes and nutrients transporters as well as the major pro-inflammatory intestinal cytokines. Overall, the results demonstrate a good tolerance of juvenile rainbow trout to diets including up to 3% chitin inclusion.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/164723
URN:NBN:IT:UNIUD-164723