This dissertation comprises two essays on the effects of monetary policy shocks in the presence of heterogeneous households and financial frictions. By employing a Heterogeneous Agents New Keynesian (HANK) model, I explore the role of financial frictions in shaping household wealth and consumption distributions after a conventional contractionary monetary shock, that is, an increase in the nominal interest rate by the central bank. Each essay forms a chapter of this thesis. The initial chapter delves into the examination of the redistribution effects of monetary policy on households in the presence of financial frictions within the production sector of the economy. First, I conduct an empirical analysis using a proxy-SVAR model that incorporates a policy rate, a proxy measure for corporate financial frictions, economic variables, and a consumption dispersion measure. The findings validate that a contractionary monetary policy exerts a positive influence on both financial frictions and consumption inequality. Moreover, the results indicate that financial frictions amplify the impact of monetary policy on household inequality. Lastly, the study reveals that an increase in the nominal interest rate is associated with a rise in both frictions and leverage, validating the co-movement between these variables, which is crucial for the theoretical framework. Following this, I build a HANK model in which households can save only in one liquid asset, cannot borrow, and the production sector is subject to a financial accelerator that enhances the effects of aggregate shocks, in order to replicate some of the empirical results and conduct policy evaluation. The results show that (i) consumption inequality dynamics are qualitatively confirmed, with consumption inequality among households increasing after an interest rate rise and relatively higher when the financial accelerator is active; and (ii) that inequality measures for wealth are significantly higher when compared to the counterfactual scenario with no frictions. This finding suggests that financial frictions have considerable effects on household consumption and savings, since these agents rely differently on labor income for consumption smoothing and have different marginal propensities to consume along the wealth distribution. In the second chapter, I build a model featuring household heterogeneity and two types of financial frictions: one on the production sector and one on household borrowing ability. The aim of this study is to examine how different financial frictions affect households' wealth and consumption after a contractionary monetary policy shock, whether these differences are significant, and why. The results show that (i) firms' financial accelerator affects household wealth inequality to a greater extent, while (ii) the friction on household loans induces a relatively higher dispersion of consumption among the population. The household borrowing penalty, which varies in the case of active financial frictions on households, plays a significant role in these dynamics. In the latter case, households are discouraged from moving to the bottom of the distribution, reducing loans and, therefore, consumption capacity. On the other hand, when only frictions in the production sector are active, more households are pushed to the bottom of the wealth distribution. This fluctuation relatively increases the Gini index of wealth, but simultaneously allows greater economy-wide consumption smoothing, resulting in less consumption inequality when compared to the previous case.
Questa dissertazione comprende due saggi sugli effetti degli shock di politica monetaria in presenza di famiglie eterogenee e frizioni finanziarie. Utilizzando un modello Neo-keynesiano ad agenti eterogenei (HANK), esploro il ruolo delle frizioni finanziarie nel modellare la distribuzione della ricchezza e del consumo delle famiglie dopo uno shock monetario convenzionale restrittivo, cioè un aumento del tasso di interesse nominale da parte della banca centrale. Ogni saggio costituisce un capitolo della tesi. Nel primo capitolo, esamino gli effetti redistributivi della politica monetaria tra le famiglie in presenza di frizioni finanziarie sul lato produttivo dell'economia. Per farlo, costruisco un modello HANK in cui le famiglie possono risparmiare solo attraverso un asset liquido, non possono prendere in prestito fondi, e il settore produttivo è soggetto a un acceleratore finanziario che amplifica gli effetti degli shock aggregati. Questo capitolo ha lo scopo di verificare se l'acceleratore finanziario è attivo anche a livello idiosincratico e, quindi, se è anche un acceleratore di disuguaglianza. I risultati mostrano che (i) le misure di disuguaglianza per la ricchezza sono significativamente più alte rispetto allo scenario controfattuale senza frizioni, e (ii) nel modello base, le fluttuazioni del consumo aggregato sono simili con e senza frizioni finanziarie, ma la disuguaglianza del consumo aumenta tra le famiglie quando l'acceleratore finanziario è attivo. Questo suggerisce che le frizioni finanziarie hanno effetti considerevoli sul consumo e sui risparmi delle famiglie, poiché queste si affidano in modo diverso al reddito da lavoro per la stabilizzazione del consumo e hanno diverse propensioni marginali al consumo lungo la distribuzione della ricchezza. Utilizzo anche Local Projections per fornire evidenza empirica della relazione storica positiva tra l’External Finance Premium (che è un indicatore dell'intensità delle frizioni finanziarie) e la disuguaglianza di consumo negli Stati Uniti, validando le dinamiche del modello teorico. Nel secondo capitolo, costruisco un modello con eterogeneità delle famiglie e due tipi di frizioni finanziarie, una sul settore produttivo e una sulla capacità di prestito delle famiglie. L'obiettivo è di studiare come diverse frizioni finanziarie influenzano la ricchezza e il consumo delle famiglie dopo un shock di politica monetaria restrittiva, se queste differenze sono significative e perché. I risultati mostrano che (i) l'acceleratore finanziario delle imprese influenza la disuguaglianza della ricchezza delle famiglie in misura maggiore, mentre (ii) la frizione sui prestiti alle famiglie induce una dispersione relativamente più alta del consumo tra la popolazione. Lo spread sui prestiti che devono pagare le famiglie gioca un ruolo significativo in queste dinamiche, dato che questo spread varia nel caso di frizioni finanziarie attive sulle famiglie. In quest'ultimo caso, le famiglie sono scoraggiate dal passare al fondo della distribuzione, riducendo i prestiti e quindi la capacità di consumo. D'altra parte, quando sono attive solo le frizioni nel settore produttivo, più famiglie sono spinte verso il fondo della distribuzione della ricchezza. Questa fluttuazione aumenta relativamente l'indice di Gini della ricchezza ma allo stesso tempo consente una maggiore livellazione del consumo a livello di economia, determinando una minore disuguaglianza del consumo rispetto al caso precedente.
Essays on household heterogeneity and financial frictions
FERLAINO, FRANCESCO
2024
Abstract
This dissertation comprises two essays on the effects of monetary policy shocks in the presence of heterogeneous households and financial frictions. By employing a Heterogeneous Agents New Keynesian (HANK) model, I explore the role of financial frictions in shaping household wealth and consumption distributions after a conventional contractionary monetary shock, that is, an increase in the nominal interest rate by the central bank. Each essay forms a chapter of this thesis. The initial chapter delves into the examination of the redistribution effects of monetary policy on households in the presence of financial frictions within the production sector of the economy. First, I conduct an empirical analysis using a proxy-SVAR model that incorporates a policy rate, a proxy measure for corporate financial frictions, economic variables, and a consumption dispersion measure. The findings validate that a contractionary monetary policy exerts a positive influence on both financial frictions and consumption inequality. Moreover, the results indicate that financial frictions amplify the impact of monetary policy on household inequality. Lastly, the study reveals that an increase in the nominal interest rate is associated with a rise in both frictions and leverage, validating the co-movement between these variables, which is crucial for the theoretical framework. Following this, I build a HANK model in which households can save only in one liquid asset, cannot borrow, and the production sector is subject to a financial accelerator that enhances the effects of aggregate shocks, in order to replicate some of the empirical results and conduct policy evaluation. The results show that (i) consumption inequality dynamics are qualitatively confirmed, with consumption inequality among households increasing after an interest rate rise and relatively higher when the financial accelerator is active; and (ii) that inequality measures for wealth are significantly higher when compared to the counterfactual scenario with no frictions. This finding suggests that financial frictions have considerable effects on household consumption and savings, since these agents rely differently on labor income for consumption smoothing and have different marginal propensities to consume along the wealth distribution. In the second chapter, I build a model featuring household heterogeneity and two types of financial frictions: one on the production sector and one on household borrowing ability. The aim of this study is to examine how different financial frictions affect households' wealth and consumption after a contractionary monetary policy shock, whether these differences are significant, and why. The results show that (i) firms' financial accelerator affects household wealth inequality to a greater extent, while (ii) the friction on household loans induces a relatively higher dispersion of consumption among the population. The household borrowing penalty, which varies in the case of active financial frictions on households, plays a significant role in these dynamics. In the latter case, households are discouraged from moving to the bottom of the distribution, reducing loans and, therefore, consumption capacity. On the other hand, when only frictions in the production sector are active, more households are pushed to the bottom of the wealth distribution. This fluctuation relatively increases the Gini index of wealth, but simultaneously allows greater economy-wide consumption smoothing, resulting in less consumption inequality when compared to the previous case.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/165127
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-165127