The increasing energy demand and critical impact of fossil fuels have led to a greater interest in the use of renewable energy resources, supported by European policies due to their social, economic, and environmental benefits. Solid biofuels, such as woodchip and wood pellet, have proven to be a promising alternative due to their widespread availability, storability, and carbon neutrality, but their inherent and natural heterogeneity needs to be evaluated. In fact, the variability of the biomasses has an important influence on the technical and economic aspects as well as on the emission levels, which increases the need for strict and continuous control. Furthermore, the sampling procedure and supply chain operations affect the energetic properties, influencing the combustion process and final performance. The qualitative characterisation, although crucial and necessary, relies on the current analytical standards, which are time-consuming and often expensive. Moreover, destructive analytical procedures don't allow replication of measurements, thus compromising their representativeness. Among non-destructive methods, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) could act as a valid substitute for standards and monitoring support, because of its quicker and cheaper application and its portability, directness, and real-time implementation. Through the use of chemometrics, prediction and classification models could be developed for low-cost characterisation. Therefore, different chemometric approaches have been developed and evaluated as the main objective of the thesis. Moisture content, as the most critical and decisive parameter for energetic assessment, has been primarily considered, followed by the main energetic and qualitative variables. Lastly, the performance of NIRS has been evaluated using different natural materials and approaches to introduce reliable applications in order to improve the quality control of resource variability and guarantee of a legal marketing.
Per rispondere all’aumento della domanda di energia e considerando l'impatto negativo dei combustibili fossili, si è sviluppata una maggiore consapevolezza nell'utilizzo delle risorse energetiche rinnovabili, promosse dalle politiche europee che considerano vantaggi sociali, economici e ambientali. Le biomasse solide, come cippato e pellet, si dimostrano come promettenti alternative perché ampiamente disponibili e considerate neutre per emissioni di carbonio, ma la loro naturale ed intrinseca eterogeneità necessita valutazione. Infatti, la variabilità del materiale influenza aspetti tecnici ed economici, così come ambientali, richiedendo un attento e continuo controllo. Inoltre, i processi di campionamento, lungo la catena di produzione, si ripercuotono sulle proprietà energetiche, quindi sul processo di combustione e le sue performance. Nonostante il suo ruolo cruciale, la caratterizzazione qualitativa, basata sugli attuali standard di laboratorio, risulta lunga, costosa, e complessa, ed impedisce la replicabilità d’analisi perché distruttiva, riducendo la possibilità di un’indagine rappresentativa. Tra i metodi non-distruttivi, la spettroscopia NIR può essere considerata sostitutiva alle procedure standard, supportando il monitoraggio qualitativo perché rapida e più economica, favorendo applicazioni portatili, dirette ed immediate. Lo scopo principale della tesi è stato quindi quello di sviluppare e valutare modelli di predizione e di classificazione attraverso l’applicazione di metodi chemiometrici. Il parametro considerato più critico per la valutazione energetica è il contenuto d’umidità, seguito dall’analisi dei più rilevanti parametri energetici e qualitativi. Le performance della tecnica NIRS sono state quindi valutate con l’uso di differenti materiali, legnosi e naturali, ed applicazioni, al fine di rendere più efficiente la caratterizzazione qualitativa della variabilità delle risorse e per garantire una corretta commercializzazione dei materiali.
Applicazione di tecniche di spettroscopia e riconoscimento immagine per la determinazione delle caratteristiche qualitative di biocombustibili solidi - Application of spectroscopy and visual imaging techniques to quality assessment of solid bioresources
LEONI, ELENA
2023
Abstract
The increasing energy demand and critical impact of fossil fuels have led to a greater interest in the use of renewable energy resources, supported by European policies due to their social, economic, and environmental benefits. Solid biofuels, such as woodchip and wood pellet, have proven to be a promising alternative due to their widespread availability, storability, and carbon neutrality, but their inherent and natural heterogeneity needs to be evaluated. In fact, the variability of the biomasses has an important influence on the technical and economic aspects as well as on the emission levels, which increases the need for strict and continuous control. Furthermore, the sampling procedure and supply chain operations affect the energetic properties, influencing the combustion process and final performance. The qualitative characterisation, although crucial and necessary, relies on the current analytical standards, which are time-consuming and often expensive. Moreover, destructive analytical procedures don't allow replication of measurements, thus compromising their representativeness. Among non-destructive methods, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) could act as a valid substitute for standards and monitoring support, because of its quicker and cheaper application and its portability, directness, and real-time implementation. Through the use of chemometrics, prediction and classification models could be developed for low-cost characterisation. Therefore, different chemometric approaches have been developed and evaluated as the main objective of the thesis. Moisture content, as the most critical and decisive parameter for energetic assessment, has been primarily considered, followed by the main energetic and qualitative variables. Lastly, the performance of NIRS has been evaluated using different natural materials and approaches to introduce reliable applications in order to improve the quality control of resource variability and guarantee of a legal marketing.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/165454
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-165454