The world’s older population is now higher than it has ever been. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the proportion of the elderly will increase from 12 to 50% between 2015 and 2050. However, longer lifespans don’t always correlate with a disease-free life, since age-related diseases have gradually become the most important causes of impairment and disability in the elderly. Cancers, heart disease, metabolic disorders, frailty, and osteoporosis are only a few of them. Aging is an inevitable, natural biological process characterised by progressive cellular and tissue damage, in response to various stressors, which lead to irreversible loss of function and physiological integrity of tissues. This doctoral thesis focused on the effect of natural compounds in ameliorating the function of bone marrow and its principal cellular components during aging. Indeed, aging is associated with a decline of bone marrow functionality and immunity deficiencies, due to a chronic remodelling of its microenvironment, which implies (i) the relative increase in myeloid cells, which correlates with clonal haematopoiesis, (ii) the loss of stemness of haematopoietic and mesenchymal cells pool, and (iii) the progressive accumulation of bone marrow fat, usually associated with a further increase in stromal senescence. Moreover, since the aging-induced deterioration of the immune system (i.e. immunosenescence) is a collateral phenomenon of aging — fuelled by lifestyle and environmental factors among others — in the last few decades, many researchers suggested that changes in diet and unhealthy habits, and the use of supplements might strengthen the immune system, ameliorating immunosenescence and promoting bone marrow health.
Il progressivo invecchiamento della popolazione mondiale è ormai noto da anni. La World Health Organization (WHO) stima che la proporzione degli individui anziani crescerà dal 12 al 50% tra il 2015 e il 2050. Parallelamente ad una maggior aspettativa di vita, si assiste ad un aumento di patologie età correlate, come cancro, problemi cardiaci, malattie metaboliche, fragilità e osteoporosi, che rappresentano importanti cause di disabilità. L’invecchiamento è un fenomeno multifattoriale che porta ad una progressiva perdita delle capacità funzionali e ad una crescente comorbidità. In questo contesto, l’obiettivo principale di questo percorso di dottorato durato tre anni, è stato quello di approfondire lo studio del ruolo del midollo osseo e dei suoi principali componenti durante l’invecchiamento e quello di alcune sostanze naturali nella modulazione della disfunzione delle cellule senescenti. Infatti, l’invecchiamento è associato ad un declino della funzionalità del midollo osseo, dovuto a un rimodellamento del suo microambiente, che implica (i) l’aumento di cellule mieloidi, spesso associate ad espansione clonale, (ii) la perdita della staminalità sia delle cellule ematopoietiche che delle mesenchimali e (iii) un netto aumento del grasso midollare, solitamente associato anche ad un aumento delle cellule stromali senescenti. Durante l’invecchiamento si osserva anche un progressivo indebolimento del sistema immunitario (immunosenescenza); questo è causato in parte da fattori epigenetici (stile di vita e fattori ambientali). Pertanto, negli ultimi anni numerosi studi hanno sottolineato l’importanza di una dieta equilibrata, adiuvata dall’utilizzo di integratori a base di sostanze naturali, nel rafforzamento del sistema immunitario, migliorando l’immunosenescenza e garantendo anche la salute delle ossa.
Exploring the effects of natural compounds in human cell models of aging and age-related diseases
GIORDANI, CHIARA
2024
Abstract
The world’s older population is now higher than it has ever been. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the proportion of the elderly will increase from 12 to 50% between 2015 and 2050. However, longer lifespans don’t always correlate with a disease-free life, since age-related diseases have gradually become the most important causes of impairment and disability in the elderly. Cancers, heart disease, metabolic disorders, frailty, and osteoporosis are only a few of them. Aging is an inevitable, natural biological process characterised by progressive cellular and tissue damage, in response to various stressors, which lead to irreversible loss of function and physiological integrity of tissues. This doctoral thesis focused on the effect of natural compounds in ameliorating the function of bone marrow and its principal cellular components during aging. Indeed, aging is associated with a decline of bone marrow functionality and immunity deficiencies, due to a chronic remodelling of its microenvironment, which implies (i) the relative increase in myeloid cells, which correlates with clonal haematopoiesis, (ii) the loss of stemness of haematopoietic and mesenchymal cells pool, and (iii) the progressive accumulation of bone marrow fat, usually associated with a further increase in stromal senescence. Moreover, since the aging-induced deterioration of the immune system (i.e. immunosenescence) is a collateral phenomenon of aging — fuelled by lifestyle and environmental factors among others — in the last few decades, many researchers suggested that changes in diet and unhealthy habits, and the use of supplements might strengthen the immune system, ameliorating immunosenescence and promoting bone marrow health.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/165482
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-165482