This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part examines the pars destruens of Hemsterhuis’s philosophy, which was a form of anti-materialism. The reconstruction of the eighteenth-century European cultural framework concerning the development of materialistic tendencies, pursues the aim of contextualizing Hemsterhuisian thought within the conceptual coordinates of the European philosophical debate, highlighting its impact even outside Dutch borders. Hemsterhuis’s philosophy developed into a cultural context in which the various instances of materialism were gaining ground, in the direction of a monist perspective that reduced reality to matter alone, thus eliminating all reference to the soul and God. What is more, the concept of matter was being rethought, especially in the context of the life sciences, in the light of organicistic models that made it possible to overcome the Cartesian conception of an inert matter through the attribution to matter itself of an intrinsic principle of movement and organization. Such materialistic tendencies also concerned the field of eighteenth-century psychology, where operations traditionally attributed to the soul, as an autonomous and heterogeneous principle of activity, were now traced back to physiology and, ultimately, to anatomy, within a radicalization of the Lockian hypothesis of thinking matter that would have great fortune. Against materialistic and reductionist instances, Hemsterhuis theorized the existence of immaterial essences to which the activity and organization of the universe and, in the case of man, thought and the faculty of self-determination, could be traced. The second part of this thesis examines the pars construens of Hemsterhuisian philosophy, which consists in the articulation of a peculiar immaterialism. Specifically, such a "Theory on the Immaterial" is configured as the basis of a project for the foundation of psychology as an autonomous science, beginning with the rejection of materialistic reductionism and the recognition of the moral face of the universe. This science of the soul involves the identification of its object (the soul/ego), its method (the "trèfle") and its specific vocabulary (the notion of "velleité"). The science of the soul has the ethical aim of intervening in the realization of man's happiness through the education and the refinement of the proportion between his intellectual faculties, and also through the recognition of his wholeness as an "amphibious" being, both physical and moral.
Questo lavoro di ricerca si articola in due parti. La prima prende in esame la pars destruens della riflessione filosofica hemsterhuisiana, la quale si presenta, innanzitutto, come una forma di antimaterialismo. La ricostruzione della congerie culturale europea del XVIII secolo in relazione allo sviluppo di tendenze materialistiche, nella pluralità di declinazioni che tali istanze hanno assunto, persegue lo scopo di contestualizzare il pensiero hemsterhuisiano entro le coordinate concettuali del dibattito filosofico europeo, mettendone in rilievo l’impatto anche al di fuori dei confini olandesi. La riflessione hemsterhuisiana si sviluppa in un contesto culturale nel quale si andavano affermando le diverse istanze del materialismo filosofico moderno, nella direzione della formulazione di una prospettiva monista che riduceva la realtà alla sola materia, eliminando così ogni riferimento all’anima e a Dio. Per di più, il concetto stesso di materia veniva ripensato, soprattutto nel contesto delle scienze della vita, alla luce di modelli organicistici che consentivano di superare la concezione cartesiana di una materia inerte attraverso l’attribuzione alla materia stessa di un principio di movimento e di organizzazione intrinseco. Tali tendenze materialistiche trovavano applicazione anche nell’ambito della psicologia settecentesca, laddove le operazioni tradizionalmente attribuite all’anima, in quanto principio di attività autonomo ed eterogeneo rispetto al corpo materiale, venivano ora ricondotte alla fisiologia e, in ultimo, all’anatomia, entro una radicalizzazione dell’ipotesi lockiana della thinking matter che avrà grande fortuna nel corso del XVIII secolo. A questo scenario assai eterogeneo, sebbene accomunato dall’affermazione di istanze materialistiche più o meno radicali e riduzionistiche, Hemsterhuis contrapponeva una riflessione filosofica intorno all’esistenza di essenze immateriali, alle quali ricondurre l’attività e l’organizzazione dell’universo e, nel caso dell’uomo, il pensiero e la facoltà di autodeterminarsi. La seconda parte di questo lavoro prende in esame la pars construens della filosofia hemsterhuisiana, la quale consiste nell’articolazione di un peculiare immaterialismo. Nello specifico, tale «teoria sull’immateriale» si configura come la base di un progetto di fondazione della psicologia come scienza autonoma, a partire dal rifiuto del riduzionismo materialistico e dal riconoscimento della face morale dell’universo. La scienza dell’anima viene pensata, innanzitutto, a partire dall’individuazione del suo oggetto precipuo (l’anima/io), di un metodo (il «trèfle») e di un lessico specifico (si pensi alla nozione di «velleité»), con lo scopo etico-pedagogico di intervenire nella realizzazione della felicità dell’uomo mediante l’educazione e il perfezionamento della proporzione tra le sue facoltà intellettuali, e anche attraverso il riconoscimento della sua interezza in quanto essere «anfibio», sia fisico sia morale.
Frans Hemsterhuis: antimaterialismo e scienza dell’anima
GALLETTA, VIVIANA
2024
Abstract
This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part examines the pars destruens of Hemsterhuis’s philosophy, which was a form of anti-materialism. The reconstruction of the eighteenth-century European cultural framework concerning the development of materialistic tendencies, pursues the aim of contextualizing Hemsterhuisian thought within the conceptual coordinates of the European philosophical debate, highlighting its impact even outside Dutch borders. Hemsterhuis’s philosophy developed into a cultural context in which the various instances of materialism were gaining ground, in the direction of a monist perspective that reduced reality to matter alone, thus eliminating all reference to the soul and God. What is more, the concept of matter was being rethought, especially in the context of the life sciences, in the light of organicistic models that made it possible to overcome the Cartesian conception of an inert matter through the attribution to matter itself of an intrinsic principle of movement and organization. Such materialistic tendencies also concerned the field of eighteenth-century psychology, where operations traditionally attributed to the soul, as an autonomous and heterogeneous principle of activity, were now traced back to physiology and, ultimately, to anatomy, within a radicalization of the Lockian hypothesis of thinking matter that would have great fortune. Against materialistic and reductionist instances, Hemsterhuis theorized the existence of immaterial essences to which the activity and organization of the universe and, in the case of man, thought and the faculty of self-determination, could be traced. The second part of this thesis examines the pars construens of Hemsterhuisian philosophy, which consists in the articulation of a peculiar immaterialism. Specifically, such a "Theory on the Immaterial" is configured as the basis of a project for the foundation of psychology as an autonomous science, beginning with the rejection of materialistic reductionism and the recognition of the moral face of the universe. This science of the soul involves the identification of its object (the soul/ego), its method (the "trèfle") and its specific vocabulary (the notion of "velleité"). The science of the soul has the ethical aim of intervening in the realization of man's happiness through the education and the refinement of the proportion between his intellectual faculties, and also through the recognition of his wholeness as an "amphibious" being, both physical and moral.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/165692
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-165692