In recent decades, rising income and wealth inequality in many developed countries has emerged as a critical concern for both academics and policymakers. The concentration of resources in the hands of top-income earners has a negative impact on consumption, investment, and overall economic growth. The heterogeneity of households implies that monetary policy may not produce the expected results, highlighting the crucial role of central banks in shaping inequality. In addition, the impact of monetary policy on inequality may become particularly important in the presence of a well-defined shadow banking system, which can amplify negative effects on inequality while reducing the effectiveness of monetary policy measures. Moreover, the recent energy shock has posed significant challenges for policymakers in fighting inflation without dampening economic growth and exacerbating inequality. As a result, understanding the relationship between monetary policy and inequality in a structured financial system becomes even more important in periods characterised by the challenges posed by energy price shocks. The main objectives of this study are to elucidate the complicated effects of monetary policy arising from household heterogeneity, to provide insights into the transmission channels of monetary policy in a financialized economy, and to explore the effects of inflation induced by energy shocks on inequality and to study wheather fiscal policy can be considered as an effective alternative or a complement measure to monetary policy in facing inflation without further increasing inequality. In particular, the first chapter provides a comprehensive review of the transmission channels of conventional and unconventional monetary policy, with a particular focus on the role of the shadow banking system in shaping inequality and influencing monetary policy. The study examines several channels, including income composition, earnings heterogeneity, interest rate exposure or savings redistribution, inflation tax, portfolio composition, and household debt channels. It underlines the complex interplay of these channels in the evolution of inequality and highlights the central role of household heterogeneity in shaping the transmission of monetary policy. In addition, the chapter highlights the link between a developed financial system, monetary policy, and inequality. The second chapter uses an Agent-Based Stock-Flow Consistent (AB-SFC) model to analyse the impact of monetary policy on income and wealth inequality. The paper shows that, following monetary policy, earnings heterogeneity and income composition channels emerge as the main drivers of inequality. Indeed, a permanent increase in the federal funds rate raises unemployment and reduces corporate dividends, which affects more net debtors. In addition, the savings redistribution channel leads to a concentration of financial income in the hands of net savers, which contributes to an increase in income inequality. In turn, higher income inequality pushes the poorest households to reduce their wealth accumulation more than the richer households, leading to higher wealth inequality. The third chapter analyses the impact of an energy shock and the effects of both monetary and fiscal policies on inflation, inequality and household financial vulnerability. Using an extension of the AB-SFC model used in the second chapter, the analysis shows that energy shocks increase spending, leading to higher inflation, credit demand, inequality, indebtedness, and financial vulnerability. The study also finds that monetary policy is effective in containing inflation, but at the cost of exacerbating inequality, household debt, and financial vulnerability. On the other hand, fiscal policy, such as an energy price cap, becomes an effective mean of containing inflation without exacerbating the negative effects of the energy shocks on the economy.
Negli ultimi decenni, la crescente disuguaglianza di reddito e ricchezza in molti Paesi sviluppati ha generato preoccupazioni per accademici e politici. La concentrazione di ricchezza nelle mani delle persone con più alto reddito ha un impatto negativo sui consumi, sugli investimenti e sulla crescita economica complessiva. L'eterogeneità delle famiglie implica che la politica monetaria potrebbe non produrre i risultati attesi, evidenziando il ruolo cruciale delle banche centrali sulla disuguaglianza. Inoltre, l'impatto della politica monetaria può diventare particolarmente importante in presenza di un sviluppato sistema bancario ombra. In aggiunta, il recente shock energetico ha posto ai responsabili politici sfide significative per combattere l'inflazione senza frenare la crescita economica e aggravare le disuguaglianze. Di conseguenza, comprendere la relazione tra politica monetaria e disuguaglianza in un sistema finanziario strutturato diventa ancora più importante in periodi caratterizzati dalle sfide poste dagli shock dei prezzi dell'energia. Gli obiettivi principali di questo studio sono di chiarire i complicati effetti della politica monetaria attraverso lo studio dei canali di trasmissione in un'economia finanziarizzata. Inoltre, lo studio esplora gli effetti dell'inflazione indotta da shock energetici sulla disuguaglianza e analizza se la politica fiscale possa essere considerata un'alternativa efficace o una misura complementare a quella monetaria per affrontare l'inflazione senza aumentare la disuguaglianza. In particolare, il primo capitolo fornisce una rassegna completa dei canali di trasmissione della politica monetaria convenzionale e non convenzionale, con un focus sul ruolo del sistema shadow baking nell'influenzare disuguaglianza e politica monetaria. Lo studio esamina diversi canali, tra cui la composizione del reddito, l'eterogeneità dei guadagni, l'esposizione ai tassi d'interesse o la redistribuzione del risparmio, l’inflazione, la composizione del portafoglio e i canali del debito delle famiglie, concentrandosi sul ruolo centrale dell'eterogeneità delle famiglie nella trasmissione della politica monetaria. Il secondo capitolo utilizza un modello Agent-Based Stock-Flow Consistent (AB-SFC) per analizzare l'impatto della politica monetaria sulla disuguaglianza di reddito e ricchezza. Il lavoro mostra che, in seguito alla politica monetaria, l'eterogeneità dei guadagni e i canali di composizione del reddito emergono come i principali motori della disuguaglianza. In effetti, un aumento permanente del tasso sui fondi federali aumenta la disoccupazione e riduce i dividendi societari, colpendo maggiormente i debitori netti. Inoltre, il canale di redistribuzione del risparmio porta a una concentrazione del reddito finanziario nelle mani dei risparmiatori netti, contribuendo a un aumento della disuguaglianza di reddito. A sua volta, una maggiore disuguaglianza di reddito spinge le famiglie più povere a ridurre l'accumulo di ricchezza più di quelle ricche, portando a una maggiore disuguaglianza di ricchezza. Il terzo capitolo analizza l'impatto di uno shock energetico e l'effetto delle politiche monetarie e fiscali sull'inflazione, sulla disuguaglianza e sulla vulnerabilità finanziaria. Utilizzando un'estensione del modello AB-SFC utilizzato nel secondo capitolo, l'analisi mostra che gli shock energetici aumentano la spesa per consumo, la domanda di credito, la disuguaglianza, l'indebitamento e la vulnerabilità finanziaria delle famiglie. Lo studio rileva inoltre che la politica monetaria è efficace nel contenere l'inflazione, ma al costo di esacerbare la disuguaglianza, l'indebitamento delle famiglie e la vulnerabilità finanziaria. D'altra parte, la politica fiscale, come un tetto ai prezzi dell'energia, diventa un mezzo efficace per contenere l'inflazione senza esacerbare gli effetti negativi degli shock energetici sull'economia.
Three Essays on Inequality and Monetary Policy in a Macro AB-SFC Setting
COCCIA, SAMANTHA
2024
Abstract
In recent decades, rising income and wealth inequality in many developed countries has emerged as a critical concern for both academics and policymakers. The concentration of resources in the hands of top-income earners has a negative impact on consumption, investment, and overall economic growth. The heterogeneity of households implies that monetary policy may not produce the expected results, highlighting the crucial role of central banks in shaping inequality. In addition, the impact of monetary policy on inequality may become particularly important in the presence of a well-defined shadow banking system, which can amplify negative effects on inequality while reducing the effectiveness of monetary policy measures. Moreover, the recent energy shock has posed significant challenges for policymakers in fighting inflation without dampening economic growth and exacerbating inequality. As a result, understanding the relationship between monetary policy and inequality in a structured financial system becomes even more important in periods characterised by the challenges posed by energy price shocks. The main objectives of this study are to elucidate the complicated effects of monetary policy arising from household heterogeneity, to provide insights into the transmission channels of monetary policy in a financialized economy, and to explore the effects of inflation induced by energy shocks on inequality and to study wheather fiscal policy can be considered as an effective alternative or a complement measure to monetary policy in facing inflation without further increasing inequality. In particular, the first chapter provides a comprehensive review of the transmission channels of conventional and unconventional monetary policy, with a particular focus on the role of the shadow banking system in shaping inequality and influencing monetary policy. The study examines several channels, including income composition, earnings heterogeneity, interest rate exposure or savings redistribution, inflation tax, portfolio composition, and household debt channels. It underlines the complex interplay of these channels in the evolution of inequality and highlights the central role of household heterogeneity in shaping the transmission of monetary policy. In addition, the chapter highlights the link between a developed financial system, monetary policy, and inequality. The second chapter uses an Agent-Based Stock-Flow Consistent (AB-SFC) model to analyse the impact of monetary policy on income and wealth inequality. The paper shows that, following monetary policy, earnings heterogeneity and income composition channels emerge as the main drivers of inequality. Indeed, a permanent increase in the federal funds rate raises unemployment and reduces corporate dividends, which affects more net debtors. In addition, the savings redistribution channel leads to a concentration of financial income in the hands of net savers, which contributes to an increase in income inequality. In turn, higher income inequality pushes the poorest households to reduce their wealth accumulation more than the richer households, leading to higher wealth inequality. The third chapter analyses the impact of an energy shock and the effects of both monetary and fiscal policies on inflation, inequality and household financial vulnerability. Using an extension of the AB-SFC model used in the second chapter, the analysis shows that energy shocks increase spending, leading to higher inflation, credit demand, inequality, indebtedness, and financial vulnerability. The study also finds that monetary policy is effective in containing inflation, but at the cost of exacerbating inequality, household debt, and financial vulnerability. On the other hand, fiscal policy, such as an energy price cap, becomes an effective mean of containing inflation without exacerbating the negative effects of the energy shocks on the economy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/165893
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-165893