It is generally accepted that the reduction of life quality is largely due to anthropic effects, mainly due to pollutant agents, and possible solutions need to be addressed. An important class pollutants are the so-called Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Many of these compounds are classified as carcinogenic, or possibly carcinogenic, for humans and, in addition, they can cause long term environmental damage. Despite these drawbacks, they are suitable for wall and/or furniture painting, for the textile treatments, and are widely used in a variety of industrial processes. Unfortunately, they are released into the environment as waste products. As of today, it is not possible to replace VOCs with other compounds, but one can attempt to modify them just before they get disseminated in the atmosphere. The easiest way to achieve that goal is by using combustion reactors. However, they are bulky, require a lot of energy and need to reach high temperatures up to 300°C, or more, to be effective. Atmospheric pressure cold plasmas, in particular Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD), can largely improve the abatement process of VOCs. Indeed, SDBD require much less energy than typical combustion reactors, they occupy much smaller volumes (less than a cubic meter) and the global gas temperature gets down to the order of room temperature. Chemical pollution is not the only problem affecting our living environment, for instance antimicrobial resistance is also becoming an important issue. The antimicrobial and antibacterial drugs have improved our health conditions since they were discovered, but they are becoming less and less effective as a result of their improper use during the last decades. A way to reduce the use of antibiotic can be obtained by eliminating or hindering microbial diffusion in air, such as using particulate filters in ventilation systems. However, the biological agents collected in the filters are not just passive, but get accumulated on the filter surface, thus proliferating during long periods of high relative humidity (>80\%), causing infections at distant places after dissemination. Part of this thesis is devoted to this problem. An innovative use of the SDBD was developed for the abatement of bacteria in air. Its limited volume permits to place the SDBD in contact with the air circulating system of a building, within which one can proceed to the denaturation of the diffusing bacteria by the reactive species produced in the plasma. Finally, the last part of this thesis is devoted to polymeric surfaces modifications through a capacitive coupled low pressure cold plasma. Surface modifications of materials by plasma treatments and depositions have attracted a great deal of interest in the last decades. We can create a nanostructurization over the polymeric treated surfaces that can have different applications, from antifouling in water to antibacterial in air.
È comunemente accettato che il cambiamento climatico sia dovuto ad un effetto antropico. Gli agenti inquinati sono sicuramente responsabili del peggioramento della qualità della vita umana ed è necessario trovare una soluzione. Una importante classe di inquinati è quella dei Composti Organici Volatili (VOC). Molti di questi composti sono classificati come cancerogeni o possibili cancerogeni per le persone, oltre al fatto che possono causare danni a lungo termine sull'ambiente. Nonostante questi problemi, i VOC sono necessari nelle vernici di pareti o arredi, nei trattamenti dei tessuti e sono largamente utilizzati nei processi industriali, per poi essere rilasciati nell'ambiente come prodotti di scarico. Al momento, però, non è possibile sostituirli con altri composti meno dannosi, pertanto è necessario concentrarsi sulla loro degradazione dopo la diffusione nell'aria. Il modo più facile è tramite i reattori di combustione, ma sono molto ingombranti, richiedono molta energia ed è necessario raggiungere temperature superiori ai 300°C per essere efficaci. I plasmi a pressione atmosferica, in particolare le Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD), possono essere di aiuto nel miglioramento dell'abbattimento dei VOC. Infatti le SDBD richiedono molta meno energia dei tipici reattori di combustione, occupano volumi molto minori (generalmente meno di un metro cubo) e la temperatura globale del gas è dell'ordine della temperatura ambiente. L'inquinamento da agenti chimici non è l'unico problema che dobbiamo affrontare per migliorare la qualità della vita. L'antibiotico resistenza è un problema crescente. I farmaci antibiotici hanno migliorato nettamente le condizioni di salute sin dal momento in cui sono stati scoperti, ma stanno diventando via via sempre meno efficienti a causa dell'uso improprio che è stato fatto negli ultimi decenni. Un modo per contrastare l'uso di antibiotici è quello di ridurre o eliminare le cariche batteriche presenti nell'aria, ad esempio usando filtri antiparticolato nei sistemi di ventilazione. In questo modo però gli agenti biologici sono raccolti nei filtri in modo passivo; vengono accumulati, possono proliferare sul lungo periodo specialmente in presenza di alta umidità (>80%), e venire successivamente ridiffusi. Parte di questa tesi si occupa di studiare una possibile soluzione a questo problema. Si fa uso di una SDBD in modo innovativo per ridurre la concentrazione di batteri nell'aria. Il volume ridotto delle SDBD permette di inserire questo sistema all'interno dei sistemi di ventilazione e di ridurre attivamente la carica microbica al loro interno. L'ultima parte della tesi si concentra sulla modifica di superfici polimeriche attraverso l'uso di un plasma freddo capacitivo a bassa pressione. Negli ultimi decenni si sta sviluppando un crescente interesse nei materiali nanostrutturati. Tramite il plasma è possibile creare una nanostrutturazione sulle superfici polimeriche per diverse applicazioni, come ad esempio superfici antifouling in acqua o antibatteriche in aria.
Cold plasmas for air purification and sanitation
PIFERI, CECILIA
2023
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the reduction of life quality is largely due to anthropic effects, mainly due to pollutant agents, and possible solutions need to be addressed. An important class pollutants are the so-called Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Many of these compounds are classified as carcinogenic, or possibly carcinogenic, for humans and, in addition, they can cause long term environmental damage. Despite these drawbacks, they are suitable for wall and/or furniture painting, for the textile treatments, and are widely used in a variety of industrial processes. Unfortunately, they are released into the environment as waste products. As of today, it is not possible to replace VOCs with other compounds, but one can attempt to modify them just before they get disseminated in the atmosphere. The easiest way to achieve that goal is by using combustion reactors. However, they are bulky, require a lot of energy and need to reach high temperatures up to 300°C, or more, to be effective. Atmospheric pressure cold plasmas, in particular Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD), can largely improve the abatement process of VOCs. Indeed, SDBD require much less energy than typical combustion reactors, they occupy much smaller volumes (less than a cubic meter) and the global gas temperature gets down to the order of room temperature. Chemical pollution is not the only problem affecting our living environment, for instance antimicrobial resistance is also becoming an important issue. The antimicrobial and antibacterial drugs have improved our health conditions since they were discovered, but they are becoming less and less effective as a result of their improper use during the last decades. A way to reduce the use of antibiotic can be obtained by eliminating or hindering microbial diffusion in air, such as using particulate filters in ventilation systems. However, the biological agents collected in the filters are not just passive, but get accumulated on the filter surface, thus proliferating during long periods of high relative humidity (>80\%), causing infections at distant places after dissemination. Part of this thesis is devoted to this problem. An innovative use of the SDBD was developed for the abatement of bacteria in air. Its limited volume permits to place the SDBD in contact with the air circulating system of a building, within which one can proceed to the denaturation of the diffusing bacteria by the reactive species produced in the plasma. Finally, the last part of this thesis is devoted to polymeric surfaces modifications through a capacitive coupled low pressure cold plasma. Surface modifications of materials by plasma treatments and depositions have attracted a great deal of interest in the last decades. We can create a nanostructurization over the polymeric treated surfaces that can have different applications, from antifouling in water to antibacterial in air.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/170858
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-170858