An extensive knowledge about population responses to ongoing environmental and climatic changes is a primary goal to enhance environmental policies and promote biodiversity conservation. The capacity of a population in responding to rapid changes occurring within ecosystems is one of the most important aspects that can determine its trajectory over space and time. This thesis describes four studies that analyse some long-term responses of bird populations from both a methodological and applicative point of view, providing novel and valuable findings not only for bird studies but also in a broad ecological perspective. The first research focused on some methodological issues in population trend modelling. Changes in population size over time (i.e. population trends) are one of the clearest responses of populations to environmental changes and represent a key tool for wildlife conservation. Thus, improving the capacity of estimating trends is pivotal. The study investigated the effects of the environmental bias, which may affect many existing surveys because of a variation in the sampling effort or design over space and time, and of two statistical properties of count data, namely overdispersion and zero inflation, on the estimation process of population trends. A multi-step modelling approach was proposed, and findings highlighted that the environmental bias was the most important factor that causes differences in trend estimates across models. Additionally, overdispersion and zero inflation can influence, also significantly, the estimates, and modelling frameworks should consider their evaluation in the statistical approach. In the second work, this modelling framework was applied to assess the long-term population trends for common breeding birds at regional scale (northern Italy). Additionally, through a trait-based approach, the study investigated whether species with similar life-history and ecological traits shared similar population dynamics. Findings allowed identifying species that need more conservation attention and for which management measures are required to avoid further population declines. The trait-based approach allowed identifying which ecological and functional groups need greater attention, emphasising the usefulness of traits’ information to plan further studies aimed at identifying the drivers at the basis of the observed population changes. Then, the third study focused on niche modelling to understand whether a species can adapt its realised Grinnellian niche along relatively long-term periods as results of ongoing environmental changes. Moreover, the study assessed whether the observed changes were linked to population trends, obtained from the previous work, and to species traits. The multi-species analysis on common breeding birds highlighted that niche conservatism is not a ubiquitous condition, and some species are changing their niches. Findings also showed the existence of non-random associations between niche changes and both population trends and groups of species sharing similar life-history and ecological traits. The last research dealt with assessing the effects of climate change on bird populations focusing on the extreme climatic events, which exacerbation and increase in frequency poses new global challenges for nature conservation. Using the UK Breeding Bird Survey, a long-term large-scale monitoring program, a multi-species analysis investigated how populations respond to extreme climatic events and which species are more sensitive to such climatic conditions. Findings highlighted widespread effects of extreme climatic events on the abundance of bird populations, suggesting that they could be a key driver for shaping future population dynamics. Long-term data revealed to be extremely important for assessing responses of populations in a changing environment and are essential to achieve a comprehensive perspective of ecological processes that can affect biocenoses and ecosystems.
Un’approfondita conoscenza circa le risposte delle popolazioni selvatiche ai cambiamenti ambientali e climatici rappresenta un obiettivo primario per migliorare le politiche ambientali e promuovere la conservazione della biodiversità. La capacità di una popolazione nel rispondere ai cambiamenti che avvengono negli ecosistemi è uno dei principali fattori che può determinare la sua traiettoria nel tempo e nello spazio. La presente tesi illustra, sia da un punto di vista metodologico che applicativo, quattro studi che analizzano alcuni tipi di risposte a lungo termine delle popolazioni di uccelli, fornendo nuovi e significativi risultati in una prospettiva ecologica di ampio respiro. Il primo lavoro si è focalizzato su aspetti metodologici che riguardano la modellizzazione dei trend di popolazione al fine di fornire un utile contributo per migliorare i processi di stima. Proponendo un approccio a step multipli, il lavoro ha investigato gli effetti dell’environmental bias, causato da variazioni avvenute nello sforzo o nel disegno di campionamento nello spazio e nel tempo, e di due proprietà statistiche dei dati di conteggio, cioè overdispersion e zero inflation, sul processo di stima. I risultati hanno evidenziato che l’environmental bias è il fattore principale nel determinare differenze tra i trend stimati dai diversi modelli. In aggiunta, l’overdispersion e la zero inflation sono in grado di influenzare, anche in modo significativo, le stime, perciò devono essere tenuti in considerazione nell’approccio statistico. Nel secondo lavoro, tale proposta modellistica è stata impiegata per stimare i trend di popolazione a lungo termine per gli uccelli nidificanti in nord Italia. Inoltre, attraverso un trait-based approach, è stato investigato se specie con analoghe caratteristiche life-history ed ecologiche (traits) condividessero simili dinamiche di popolazione. I risultati hanno identificato le specie che richiedono maggiore attenzione di conservazione e per le quali sono necessarie misure di gestione per evitare ulteriori declini di popolazione in futuro. Il trait-based approach ha individuato i gruppi ecologici e funzionali sottoposti a maggiori pressioni, enfatizzando l’utilità delle informazioni dei traits in un’ottica di conservazione. Il terzo lavoro presenta un caso studio in cui si è investigata la capacità delle specie, di adattare, lungo periodi di tempo relativamente lunghi, la propria nicchia Grinnelliana realizzata come risposta ai cambiamenti ambientali. Inoltre, si è valutato se i cambiamenti di nicchia fossero collegati ai trend di popolazione, ottenuti dal precedente lavoro, e ai traits delle specie. L’analisi ha evidenziato che la conservazione della nicchia non è una condizione ubiquitaria, e alcune specie la stanno anzi modificando. In aggiunta, si è dimostrata un’associazione non casuale tra i cambiamenti di nicchia e i trend di popolazione, così come una relazione tra i cambiamenti di nicchia e i gruppi ecologici e funzionali. L’ultima ricerca ha investigato gli effetti di eventi climatici estremi, il cui crescente aumento di frequenza e intensità pone nuove sfide per la conservazione della biodiversità. Usando il programma di censimento a lungo termine degli uccelli nidificanti nel Regno Unito (UK BBS), e attraverso un’analisi condotta su specie multiple, si è studiato l’effetto degli eventi estremi e sono state identificate le specie con maggiore sensibilità nelle risposte. I risultati hanno evidenziato ampi effetti degli eventi climatici estremi sull’abbondanza delle popolazioni, suggerendo che essi potrebbero rappresentare un fattore chiave nel plasmare le future dinamiche di popolazione. I dati a lungo termine si sono rivelati essere di estrema importanza per valutare le risposte delle popolazioni ai cambiamenti ambientali, e sono essenziali per arrivare ad una comprensione esaustiva dei processi ecologici che possono influenzare le biocenosi e gli ecosistemi.
Long-term responses of bird populations to environmental and climatic changes
TIROZZI, PIETRO
2023
Abstract
An extensive knowledge about population responses to ongoing environmental and climatic changes is a primary goal to enhance environmental policies and promote biodiversity conservation. The capacity of a population in responding to rapid changes occurring within ecosystems is one of the most important aspects that can determine its trajectory over space and time. This thesis describes four studies that analyse some long-term responses of bird populations from both a methodological and applicative point of view, providing novel and valuable findings not only for bird studies but also in a broad ecological perspective. The first research focused on some methodological issues in population trend modelling. Changes in population size over time (i.e. population trends) are one of the clearest responses of populations to environmental changes and represent a key tool for wildlife conservation. Thus, improving the capacity of estimating trends is pivotal. The study investigated the effects of the environmental bias, which may affect many existing surveys because of a variation in the sampling effort or design over space and time, and of two statistical properties of count data, namely overdispersion and zero inflation, on the estimation process of population trends. A multi-step modelling approach was proposed, and findings highlighted that the environmental bias was the most important factor that causes differences in trend estimates across models. Additionally, overdispersion and zero inflation can influence, also significantly, the estimates, and modelling frameworks should consider their evaluation in the statistical approach. In the second work, this modelling framework was applied to assess the long-term population trends for common breeding birds at regional scale (northern Italy). Additionally, through a trait-based approach, the study investigated whether species with similar life-history and ecological traits shared similar population dynamics. Findings allowed identifying species that need more conservation attention and for which management measures are required to avoid further population declines. The trait-based approach allowed identifying which ecological and functional groups need greater attention, emphasising the usefulness of traits’ information to plan further studies aimed at identifying the drivers at the basis of the observed population changes. Then, the third study focused on niche modelling to understand whether a species can adapt its realised Grinnellian niche along relatively long-term periods as results of ongoing environmental changes. Moreover, the study assessed whether the observed changes were linked to population trends, obtained from the previous work, and to species traits. The multi-species analysis on common breeding birds highlighted that niche conservatism is not a ubiquitous condition, and some species are changing their niches. Findings also showed the existence of non-random associations between niche changes and both population trends and groups of species sharing similar life-history and ecological traits. The last research dealt with assessing the effects of climate change on bird populations focusing on the extreme climatic events, which exacerbation and increase in frequency poses new global challenges for nature conservation. Using the UK Breeding Bird Survey, a long-term large-scale monitoring program, a multi-species analysis investigated how populations respond to extreme climatic events and which species are more sensitive to such climatic conditions. Findings highlighted widespread effects of extreme climatic events on the abundance of bird populations, suggesting that they could be a key driver for shaping future population dynamics. Long-term data revealed to be extremely important for assessing responses of populations in a changing environment and are essential to achieve a comprehensive perspective of ecological processes that can affect biocenoses and ecosystems.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/170939
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-170939