The research is part of the most critical and radical interpretation of the theoretical framework of Social Justice Education and starts with an analysis of the literature on the phenomenon of school drop-out and on that of the popular and second-chance schools, considered by virtue of their characteristics a bulwark in the fight against youth discomfort, social marginalisation and educational risk. The empirical part is dedicated to qualitative research centred on an intervention to combat school drop-out in the field of popular and second-chance schools: a case study was carried out in the school year 2020/2021 on the “Antonia Vita” Popular School in Monza, a school that offers young people aged between 13 and 16 in conditions of disadvantage or educational risk an alternative educational and didactic pathway to that of the traditional school system. The main objective of the study is to analyse the pedagogical model of the Popular School, initiating a first reflection on the concept of “drop-out” and also on the pedagogical model of the education system as a whole. To this end, the case study envisaged two distinct but complementary phases: a first, purely cognitive phase, aimed at exploring the representations and perceptions of a plurality of subjects and stakeholders regarding certain dimensions of the school and of educational and didactic work, resorting to the research and analytical methodology of the constructivist Grounded Theory; and a second phase of Research-Action, aimed at investigating the didactic mediation strategies that are activated between expert adults and students and in peer interaction. In the first case, 20 participant observations and 40 non-directive and semi-structured interviews were conducted; in the second case, an Educational Robotics Laboratory was carried out with the students, using Coderbot as a didactic mediator. First of all, the results show that the Popular School model is characterised by strong educational supervision, greater flexibility, dynamism and support than the traditional school, the individualisation of the students’ learning paths and the low numerical ratio between educator/teacher and pupils. This makes it possible to follow the individual student closely without “letting him or her get lost”. The school thus presents many structural differences with respect to the traditional school system, especially regarding the prominent position of the educator, who plays a supporting role on several levels. The results then invite reflection on the fragilities of the public education system, from which training needs emerge, particularly in the socio-educational sphere. Furthermore, the didactic mediation strategies put into practice during the peer tutoring phase of the Laboratory are discussed and a hypothesis is put forward regarding the effectiveness of this methodology in contexts of strong socio-linguistic deprivation. In line with the theoretical part and the research questions, the results outline an initial deconstruction and re-semantisation of the concept of “drop-out” in the light of that of “functioning”, proper to the bio-psycho-social model. The school is also configured as a paradoxical example of inclusion: in fact, the idea emerges that in order to pursue the objective of greater equity and justice in the school environment, there is sometimes a need to envisage alternative and highly individualised paths, which contrast with a canonical path to which experiences of exclusion and difficulty are linked.
La ricerca si inserisce nel framework teorico della Social Justice Education di declinazione più critica e radicale e si apre con un’analisi della letteratura sul fenomeno della dispersione scolastica e su quello delle scuole popolari e della seconda opportunità, considerate in virtù delle loro caratteristiche un baluardo nella lotta contro il disagio giovanile, l’emarginazione sociale e il rischio educativo. La parte empirica è dedicata a una ricerca di natura qualitativa imperniata su un intervento di contrasto alla dispersione scolastica nel campo delle scuole popolari e della seconda opportunità: nell’a.s. 2020/2021 è stato infatti portato avanti uno studio di caso avente per oggetto la Scuola Popolare “Antonia Vita” di Monza, una scuola che offre ai giovani d’età compresa tra i 13 e i 16 anni in condizione di svantaggio o rischio educativo un percorso educativo e didattico alternativo rispetto a quello del sistema-scuola tradizionale. Il principale obiettivo dello studio è quello di penetrare il modello pedagogico della Scuola Popolare, avviando una prima riflessione sul concetto stesso di “dispersione” e inoltre sul modello pedagogico del sistema d’istruzione nel suo complesso. A tal fine, lo studio di caso ha previsto due fasi distinte ma complementari: una prima fase prettamente conoscitiva, volta a esplorare le rappresentazioni e le percezioni di una pluralità di soggetti e stakeholder intorno ad alcune dimensioni della scuola e del lavoro educativo e didattico, facendo ricorso alla metodologia di ricerca e analisi della Grounded Theory costruttivista; e una seconda fase di Ricerca-Azione, volta a indagare le strategie di mediazione didattica che si attivano tra adulto esperto e studenti e nell’interazione tra pari. Nel primo caso sono state condotte 20 osservazioni partecipanti e 40 interviste non direttive e semi-strutturate; nel secondo caso è stato realizzato un Laboratorio di Robotica Educativa con gli studenti, che ha utilizzato come mediatore didattico Coderbot. I risultati arrivano innanzitutto a delineare il modello della Scuola Popolare, caratterizzato da un forte presidio educativo, da maggiore flessibilità, dinamicità e sostegno rispetto alla scuola tradizionale, dall’individualizzazione dei percorsi di apprendimento degli studenti e dal basso rapporto numerico che sussiste tra educatore/insegnante e alunni, che permette di seguire da vicino il singolo studente senza “lasciarlo perdere”. La Scuola presenta quindi molteplici diversità strutturali rispetto al sistema scolastico tradizionale, prima fra tutte la centralità accordata alla figura dell’educatore, che svolge un ruolo portante su più livelli. I risultati invitano allora a una riflessione sulle fragilità del sistema pubblico d’istruzione, da cui emergono specialmente alcuni bisogni formativi, in particolare per quanto riguarda la sfera socio-educativa. Inoltre, vengono discusse le strategie di mediazione didattica messe in pratica durante la fase di peer tutoring del Laboratorio e viene avanzata un’ipotesi circa l’efficacia di questa metodologia in contesti di forte deprivazione socio-linguistica. In linea con quanto esposto nella parte teorica e nelle domande di ricerca, i risultati delineano una prima decostruzione e ri-semantizzazione del concetto di “dispersione” alla luce di quello di “funzionamento”, proprio del modello bio-psico-sociale. La Scuola si configura inoltre quale esempio paradossale di inclusione: emerge infatti l’idea che per perseguire l’obiettivo di una maggiore equità e giustizia in ambito scolastico ci sia talvolta bisogno di prospettare percorsi alternativi e altamente individualizzati, che contrastino con un percorso canonico al quale sono legati vissuti di esclusione e difficoltà.
Il paradosso dell'inclusione. Uno studio di caso nel campo delle scuole popolari e della seconda opportunità
COTZA, VALERIA
2023
Abstract
The research is part of the most critical and radical interpretation of the theoretical framework of Social Justice Education and starts with an analysis of the literature on the phenomenon of school drop-out and on that of the popular and second-chance schools, considered by virtue of their characteristics a bulwark in the fight against youth discomfort, social marginalisation and educational risk. The empirical part is dedicated to qualitative research centred on an intervention to combat school drop-out in the field of popular and second-chance schools: a case study was carried out in the school year 2020/2021 on the “Antonia Vita” Popular School in Monza, a school that offers young people aged between 13 and 16 in conditions of disadvantage or educational risk an alternative educational and didactic pathway to that of the traditional school system. The main objective of the study is to analyse the pedagogical model of the Popular School, initiating a first reflection on the concept of “drop-out” and also on the pedagogical model of the education system as a whole. To this end, the case study envisaged two distinct but complementary phases: a first, purely cognitive phase, aimed at exploring the representations and perceptions of a plurality of subjects and stakeholders regarding certain dimensions of the school and of educational and didactic work, resorting to the research and analytical methodology of the constructivist Grounded Theory; and a second phase of Research-Action, aimed at investigating the didactic mediation strategies that are activated between expert adults and students and in peer interaction. In the first case, 20 participant observations and 40 non-directive and semi-structured interviews were conducted; in the second case, an Educational Robotics Laboratory was carried out with the students, using Coderbot as a didactic mediator. First of all, the results show that the Popular School model is characterised by strong educational supervision, greater flexibility, dynamism and support than the traditional school, the individualisation of the students’ learning paths and the low numerical ratio between educator/teacher and pupils. This makes it possible to follow the individual student closely without “letting him or her get lost”. The school thus presents many structural differences with respect to the traditional school system, especially regarding the prominent position of the educator, who plays a supporting role on several levels. The results then invite reflection on the fragilities of the public education system, from which training needs emerge, particularly in the socio-educational sphere. Furthermore, the didactic mediation strategies put into practice during the peer tutoring phase of the Laboratory are discussed and a hypothesis is put forward regarding the effectiveness of this methodology in contexts of strong socio-linguistic deprivation. In line with the theoretical part and the research questions, the results outline an initial deconstruction and re-semantisation of the concept of “drop-out” in the light of that of “functioning”, proper to the bio-psycho-social model. The school is also configured as a paradoxical example of inclusion: in fact, the idea emerges that in order to pursue the objective of greater equity and justice in the school environment, there is sometimes a need to envisage alternative and highly individualised paths, which contrast with a canonical path to which experiences of exclusion and difficulty are linked.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/171119
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-171119