Truffles are a polyphyletic group of fungi whose fruiting bodies sequester their spores and develop underground. Fungi of the genus Tuber, the so-called “true truffles”, are ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes of the Pezizales order that undertake a complex life cycle, during which the fungal mycelium establishes symbiotic associations with the roots of several trees and shrubs. Some of the more than 180 Tuber species currently known (including T. aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco, and T. melanosporum Vittad.) are highly sought after on the food market due to their unique organoleptic properties, with a huge commercial value. It is known that truffles harbour complex microbial communities of bacteria, yeasts, guest filamentous fungi, and viruses, with whom they interact both in the mycorrhizosphere and in the ascocarp. However, many aspects related to the diversity and the potential role of truffle-associated microorganisms, as well as the effects of the interactions among microbial communities on the biology of truffles are still poorly understood. Accordingly, the main purpose of this work was to analyse and characterise the bacterial communities associated with two of the most commercially relevant truffle species: the summer black truffle T. aestivum and the prized white truffle T. magnatum. Analyses were carried out on Tuber ascomata from Molise region (Central-Southern Italy), one of the most important Italian areas suited to truffle collection (about 40% of the national production). Nevertheless, to date, Molise truffle has received very little attention from a scientific perspective and, consequently, it is not adequately valorised and preserved. Thus, the research activities illustrated in the present thesis lay the foundation to fill the lack of scientific data on the Molise truffles, representing an essential starting point for a further and more in-depth characterisation of this resource of utmost importance for the local economy. In detail, in a first study, the microbial communities associated with six T. aestivum ascomata and six soil samples collected in the municipality of Vastogirardi (Isernia province) were examined using the 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Consistently with previous researches, the main phyla retrieved in the investigated ascocarps were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, with the genus Bradyrhizobium particularly represented. Nonetheless, considerable differences between soil and truffle microbiota and an unexpected heterogeneity within the truffle bacterial communities in terms of composition, relative abundance of the main taxa, and α-diversity values were observed. The other two reported researches focused on T. magnatum populations from different areas of Molise region. Overall, twenty-one white truffles were characterised from a morphological, genetic, and microbiological point of view. In particular, morphological investigations concerned the thickness of the peridium, a parameter for which no comprehensive information was available, whereas genetic and microbiological analyses focused on the Sequence-Characterised Amplified Region SCAR A21-inf (a single locus marker) and the gleba bacterial communities, respectively. A considerable variability between and within the examined T. magnatum groups emerged, confirming an interesting heterogeneity of Molise truffle populations that makes them ideal for further in-depth studies.
I tartufi sono un gruppo polifiletico di funghi ipogei. I funghi del genere Tuber, i cosiddetti “veri tartufi”, sono ascomiceti ectomicorrizici dell’ordine Pezizales con un ciclo vitale complesso, durante il quale il micelio fungino stabilisce interazioni simbiontiche con le radici di diversi alberi ed arbusti. Delle oltre 180 specie di Tuber attualmente conosciute, alcune (T. aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco e T. melanosporum Vittad.) sono molto ricercate sul mercato alimentare per via delle loro straordinarie caratteristiche organolettiche, con un enorme valore commerciale. È noto che i tartufi ospitano complesse comunità microbiche di batteri, lieviti, funghi filamentosi e virus, con le quali interagiscono sia a livello della micorrizosfera che dell’ascocarpo. Tuttavia, molti aspetti legati alla diversità e al potenziale ruolo dei microrganismi, nonché agli effetti delle interazioni tra comunità microbiche sulla biologia del tartufo sono ancora poco conosciuti. Pertanto, l’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è stato quello di analizzare e caratterizzare le comunità batteriche associate a due delle specie di Tuber di maggiore interesse commerciale: T. aestivum, tartufo nero estivo, e T. magnatum, tartufo bianco pregiato. Le analisi sono state condotte su ascocarpi raccolti in Molise (Italia centro-meridionale), una delle regioni italiane a più alta vocazione tartufigena (circa il 40% della produzione nazionale di tartufo). Tuttavia, ad oggi, il tartufo molisano ha ricevuto pochissima attenzione dal punto di vista scientifico e, di conseguenza, non è opportunamente valorizzato e tutelato. Le attività di ricerca illustrate nella presente tesi gettano quindi le basi per colmare la carenza di informazioni scientifiche sul tartufo molisano, rappresentando un importante punto di partenza per un’ulteriore e più approfondita caratterizzazione di questa risorsa fondamentale per l’economia locale. Nello specifico, in un primo studio, sono state analizzate le comunità microbiche associate a sei corpi fruttiferi di T. aestivum e a sei campioni di suolo raccolti nei pressi del Comune di Vastogirardi (Isernia), mediante sequenziamento degli ampliconi del gene codificante per l’rRNA 16S. In linea con i risultati ottenuti in altre ricerche, i principali phyla rinvenuti negli ascocarpi sono stati Proteobacteria ed Actinobacteria, con il genere Bradyrhizobium particolarmente rappresentato. Ciononostante, sono state osservate considerevoli differenze tra il microbiota del suolo e del tartufo ed un’inaspettata eterogeneità in termini di composizione, abbondanza relativa dei principali taxa ed α-diversità all’interno delle comunità microbiche del tartufo. Nelle altre due ricerche presentate sono state considerate due popolazioni di T. magnatum provenienti da diverse aree della regione Molise. Nel complesso, 21 tartufi bianchi sono stati caratterizzati da un punto di vista morfologico, genetico e microbiologico. Le indagini morfologiche hanno riguardato lo spessore del peridio (parametro per il quale non erano disponibili in letteratura scientifica informazioni dettagliate), mentre le analisi genetiche e microbiologiche si sono focalizzate rispettivamente su un marcatore a singolo locus (SCAR A21-inf) e sulle comunità batteriche della gleba. È emersa una notevole variabilità tra e all’interno delle popolazioni di T. magnatum esaminate, a conferma di un’interessante eterogeneità dei tartufi molisani che li rende ideali per studi più approfonditi.
Analysis and characterisation of the microbial communities associated with truffles (Tuber spp.)
MONACO, Pamela
2021
Abstract
Truffles are a polyphyletic group of fungi whose fruiting bodies sequester their spores and develop underground. Fungi of the genus Tuber, the so-called “true truffles”, are ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes of the Pezizales order that undertake a complex life cycle, during which the fungal mycelium establishes symbiotic associations with the roots of several trees and shrubs. Some of the more than 180 Tuber species currently known (including T. aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco, and T. melanosporum Vittad.) are highly sought after on the food market due to their unique organoleptic properties, with a huge commercial value. It is known that truffles harbour complex microbial communities of bacteria, yeasts, guest filamentous fungi, and viruses, with whom they interact both in the mycorrhizosphere and in the ascocarp. However, many aspects related to the diversity and the potential role of truffle-associated microorganisms, as well as the effects of the interactions among microbial communities on the biology of truffles are still poorly understood. Accordingly, the main purpose of this work was to analyse and characterise the bacterial communities associated with two of the most commercially relevant truffle species: the summer black truffle T. aestivum and the prized white truffle T. magnatum. Analyses were carried out on Tuber ascomata from Molise region (Central-Southern Italy), one of the most important Italian areas suited to truffle collection (about 40% of the national production). Nevertheless, to date, Molise truffle has received very little attention from a scientific perspective and, consequently, it is not adequately valorised and preserved. Thus, the research activities illustrated in the present thesis lay the foundation to fill the lack of scientific data on the Molise truffles, representing an essential starting point for a further and more in-depth characterisation of this resource of utmost importance for the local economy. In detail, in a first study, the microbial communities associated with six T. aestivum ascomata and six soil samples collected in the municipality of Vastogirardi (Isernia province) were examined using the 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Consistently with previous researches, the main phyla retrieved in the investigated ascocarps were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, with the genus Bradyrhizobium particularly represented. Nonetheless, considerable differences between soil and truffle microbiota and an unexpected heterogeneity within the truffle bacterial communities in terms of composition, relative abundance of the main taxa, and α-diversity values were observed. The other two reported researches focused on T. magnatum populations from different areas of Molise region. Overall, twenty-one white truffles were characterised from a morphological, genetic, and microbiological point of view. In particular, morphological investigations concerned the thickness of the peridium, a parameter for which no comprehensive information was available, whereas genetic and microbiological analyses focused on the Sequence-Characterised Amplified Region SCAR A21-inf (a single locus marker) and the gleba bacterial communities, respectively. A considerable variability between and within the examined T. magnatum groups emerged, confirming an interesting heterogeneity of Molise truffle populations that makes them ideal for further in-depth studies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/171217
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-171217