Food safety and quality depend on raw material characteristics and on the chemical, physical and biotechnological approaches adopted during manufacturing and transformation processes. Since a huge number of microorganisms are involved in food production, most products should be considered as complex matrices where any microbial component has a precise role and evolves in response to changes in physical and chemical features of the whole system. So, understanding the dynamics of microbial community involved in a food supply chain is useful to reduce food spoilage outbreaks, enhance industrial processes and extend product’s shelf-life. The analysis of food microbiota is also pivotal to improve biotransformation processes, like winemaking. From time immemorial, the wine industry has been selectively growing grapevine cultivars showing different traits (e.g., grape size, color and flavor), and small variations in soil composition, irrigation and climate, have long been associated with shifts in these traits. The microbial flora coexisting with the plant may be one of the key factors influencing these traits. Despite long-time difficulties in analyzing single bacterial strains, the High Throughput Sequencing technologies (HTS) are nowadays an emerging and widely adopted tool for microbial characterization, even in food matrices. To clarify the contribution of the microbiome of grape during wine fermentation steps, I used an HTS-based approach to identify bacteria and fungi communities associated to berries and musts of Cannonau cultivar from four vineyards belonging to different regions in Sardinia. Cannonau is the most important grapevine cultivar of Sardinia (Italy), where most vineyards are cultivated without phytochemical treatments. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that microbiome colonizing berries collected at the four different localities shared a core composition characterized by Enterobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, Bacillales, and Rhodospirillales. However, any area seems to enrich berries microbiome with peculiar microbial traits. For example, berries belonging to the biodynamic vineyards of Mamoiada were rich in Bacillales bacteria typical of manure. During vinification processes, performed at the same wine cellar under controlled conditions and without using any yeast starter, more than 50% of bacteria groups of berries reached musts, and each locality had its own private bacteria signature. This work suggests that natural berries microbiome could be influenced by pedoclimatic and anthropological conditions (e.g., farming management), and that fruits’ microorganisms persist during the fermentation process. One of the main open questions about grape microbiome, regards the active role of grapevine cultivars in modelling microbial community. To investigate the relationship between plant genotype, its microbiome and the contribution of field environmental and pedoclimatic conditions, I planned sampling activities in the Mediterranean basin to collect 3 different grapevine cultivars Sauvignon Blanc, Syrha, Cabernet Sauvignon and soil samples from 3 different geographical area Pavia (Northern Italy), San Michele all’Adige (Northern Italy, close to the Alps) and Logroño (Spain). The HTS analysis of collected samples allowed to characterize bacterial profiles and the correlation between plant, fruit microbiome and the environment. This is a first step towards the understanding of the role of terroir and plant genotype in shaping the microbiome and quality of grapevine fruit and related products (i.e., must and wine). On the whole, such work provides clear evidence that the biogeographic characteristics of field’s microorganisms may lead to regional properties associated to valuable crops. Human microbiome is changing the face of medicine. Similarly, future research efforts should be more and more focused on the analysis of crop and environmental microbial communities to change the face of conventional agriculture.
La sicurezza e la qualità degli alimenti dipendono dalle caratteristiche delle materie prime e dagli approcci chimici, fisici e biotecnologici adottati durante i processi di produzione. Poiché un gran numero di microrganismi sono coinvolti, la maggior parte dei prodotti dovrebbe essere considerata come matrici complesse in cui ogni componente microbico ha un ruolo preciso e si evolve in risposta ai cambiamenti dell'intero sistema. Inoltre, la comprensione delle dinamiche microbiche coinvolte nella produzione alimentare è utile per migliorare i processi industriali e il prodotto stesso. L'analisi del microbiota alimentare è fondamentale per migliorare i processi di biotrasformazione, come la vinificazione. Da tempo l’industria del vino ha coltivato selettivamente cultivar di vite che mostrano tratti diversi (dimensioni, colore, sapore dell'uva) e piccole variazioni nella composizione del suolo, nell'irrigazione e del clima sono da tempo associate a cambiamenti in questi tratti. La flora microbica che coesiste con la pianta può essere uno dei fattori chiave che influenzano queste peculiarità. Le tecnologie High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) sono al giorno d'oggi uno strumento emergente e ampiamente adottato per la caratterizzazione microbica, anche nelle matrici alimentari. Per chiarire il contributo del microbioma della vite durante le fasi di fermentazione, ho utilizzato un approccio basato sull'HTS per identificare le comunità di batteri e funghi associate a bacche e mosti della cultivar Cannonau, provenienti da quattro vigneti di diverse regioni della Sardegna. Il Cannonau è la più importante cultivar di vite della Sardegna (Italia), dove la maggior parte dei vigneti non subisce senza trattamenti fitochimici. Le analisi bioinformatiche hanno suggerito che i microbiomi delle bacche raccolte condividevano una composizione batterica caratterizzata da Enterobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, Bacillales e Rhodospirillales. Tuttavia, ogni area sembra arricchire i microbiomi delle bacche con tratti microbici peculiari. Ad esempio, le bacche appartenenti ai vigneti biodinamici di Mamoiada erano ricche di batteri Bacillales tipici del letame. Durante la vinificazione, eseguita nella stessa cantina in condizioni controllate e senza l'utilizzo di starter, oltre il 50% dei gruppi batterici di bacche raggiungeva i mosti e ogni località aveva la propria firma microbica. Questo suggerisce che il microbioma delle bacche potrebbe essere influenzato dalle condizioni pedoclimatiche e antropologiche e che i microrganismi dei frutti persistono durante la fermentazione. Una delle principali domande aperte sul microbioma dell'uva riguarda il ruolo attivo delle cultivar di vite nella conformazione della comunità microbica. Per studiare la relazione tra genotipo vegetale, microbioma e contributo delle condizioni ambientali e pedoclimatiche del campo, ho pianificato attività di campionamento nel bacino del Mediterraneo per raccogliere 3 diverse varietà di vite Sauvignon Blanc, Syrha, Cabernet Sauvignon e campioni di suolo provenienti da tre diverse aree geografiche Pavia (Nord Italia), San Michele all'Adige (Nord Italia, vicino alle Alpi) e Logroño (Spagna). L'analisi HTS dei campioni raccolti ha permesso di caratterizzare i profili batterici e la correlazione tra pianta, microbioma di frutta e ambiente. Questo rappresenta un primo passo verso la comprensione del ruolo del terroir e del genotipo delle piante nell’influenzare il microbioma e la qualità del frutto della vite e dei prodotti correlati. Nel complesso, tale lavoro dimostra che le caratteristiche biogeografiche dei microrganismi del campo possono determinare nelle coltivazioni delle proprietà di tipo regionale. Così come il microbioma umano sta cambiando il volto della medicina, allo stesso modo, i futuri sforzi di ricerca dovrebbero essere sempre più focalizzati sull'analisi delle comunità microbiche coltivate e ambientali per cambiare il volto dell'agricoltura.
Food molecular identification and characterization: towards geographical traceability
MEZZASALMA, VALERIO
2018
Abstract
Food safety and quality depend on raw material characteristics and on the chemical, physical and biotechnological approaches adopted during manufacturing and transformation processes. Since a huge number of microorganisms are involved in food production, most products should be considered as complex matrices where any microbial component has a precise role and evolves in response to changes in physical and chemical features of the whole system. So, understanding the dynamics of microbial community involved in a food supply chain is useful to reduce food spoilage outbreaks, enhance industrial processes and extend product’s shelf-life. The analysis of food microbiota is also pivotal to improve biotransformation processes, like winemaking. From time immemorial, the wine industry has been selectively growing grapevine cultivars showing different traits (e.g., grape size, color and flavor), and small variations in soil composition, irrigation and climate, have long been associated with shifts in these traits. The microbial flora coexisting with the plant may be one of the key factors influencing these traits. Despite long-time difficulties in analyzing single bacterial strains, the High Throughput Sequencing technologies (HTS) are nowadays an emerging and widely adopted tool for microbial characterization, even in food matrices. To clarify the contribution of the microbiome of grape during wine fermentation steps, I used an HTS-based approach to identify bacteria and fungi communities associated to berries and musts of Cannonau cultivar from four vineyards belonging to different regions in Sardinia. Cannonau is the most important grapevine cultivar of Sardinia (Italy), where most vineyards are cultivated without phytochemical treatments. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that microbiome colonizing berries collected at the four different localities shared a core composition characterized by Enterobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, Bacillales, and Rhodospirillales. However, any area seems to enrich berries microbiome with peculiar microbial traits. For example, berries belonging to the biodynamic vineyards of Mamoiada were rich in Bacillales bacteria typical of manure. During vinification processes, performed at the same wine cellar under controlled conditions and without using any yeast starter, more than 50% of bacteria groups of berries reached musts, and each locality had its own private bacteria signature. This work suggests that natural berries microbiome could be influenced by pedoclimatic and anthropological conditions (e.g., farming management), and that fruits’ microorganisms persist during the fermentation process. One of the main open questions about grape microbiome, regards the active role of grapevine cultivars in modelling microbial community. To investigate the relationship between plant genotype, its microbiome and the contribution of field environmental and pedoclimatic conditions, I planned sampling activities in the Mediterranean basin to collect 3 different grapevine cultivars Sauvignon Blanc, Syrha, Cabernet Sauvignon and soil samples from 3 different geographical area Pavia (Northern Italy), San Michele all’Adige (Northern Italy, close to the Alps) and Logroño (Spain). The HTS analysis of collected samples allowed to characterize bacterial profiles and the correlation between plant, fruit microbiome and the environment. This is a first step towards the understanding of the role of terroir and plant genotype in shaping the microbiome and quality of grapevine fruit and related products (i.e., must and wine). On the whole, such work provides clear evidence that the biogeographic characteristics of field’s microorganisms may lead to regional properties associated to valuable crops. Human microbiome is changing the face of medicine. Similarly, future research efforts should be more and more focused on the analysis of crop and environmental microbial communities to change the face of conventional agriculture.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/172752
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-172752