Background. The transition to the motherhood is a important moment in woman life and it is also a developmental crisis, in most cases this transition has a positive outcome. Motherhood in some cases is negatively influenced by woman mental illness (Milgrom et al., 2001). Post-partum depression is one of these perinatal mental illness and its incidence is 13%, it has a multifactorial etiology and it influence the woman well-being, the mother-child relationship, the dyadic emotional regulation and the relationship with partner (Karney & Bradbury, 1995; O’Hara & McCabe, 2013; Pearson et al., 2013). Postpartum depression often is associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy and this predict worse consequences on the mother's psychological well-being (Grigoriadis et al., 2013). The perinatal anxiety often occurs in comorbidity with depressive symptoms both in pregnancy and in the postpartum, the incidence of anxiety is higher in pregnant between 18% and 25% than in the post-partum period 4.7% (Figueiredo & Conde, 2011 Sherry et al., 2014). The perinatal anxiety has negative influence on mother-infant relationship, these mothers are more intrusive and their children have excessive crying, difficult temperament and less shared positive states (Austin et al., 2008; Feldman, 2007; Reck et al., 2012). Another perinatal mental distress is parenting stress that may occur in the transition to parenthood (Abidin, 1990), but there are few studies on the relationship of parenting stress, post-partum depression and anxiety. Aims. This paper is divided in three studies investigating different themes, like: the incidence of postpartum depression, the variables who predict postpartum depression, the relationship between anxiety postpartum depression and parenting stress and how these variables influence the relationship styles and emotional regulation of the mother-child dyad. Methods. The women who participated in the research were contacted in ASL2 of Savona between pregnancy and first months of post-partum. In all three studies post-partum depression has been investigated with EPDS (Cox et al., 1987), anxiety with STAI-Y (Spielberger, 1983), parenting stress wih PSI (Abidin, 1987), dyadic adjustment with partner with DAS (Spanier, 1976), the relationship styles with the video coding system CARE INDEX (Crittenden, 1994) and the emotional regulation of the mother-child with the video coding system ICEP (Weinberg & Tronick, 1999; Riva Crugnola et al., 2013). Results. The three studies underline different results, like: anxiety during pregnancy is predictor of post-partum depression; mothers who have a lot of psychosocial risk factors have more probability to develop depressive symptoms in pregnancy and in the post-partum period; the effect of this risk factors is pejorative in depression symptomatology in the transition to the motherhood; maternal depression, anxiety and parenting stress are associated, anxiety is a grater predictor than depression of less adequate styles of mother-infant emotion regulation; post-partum depression affects the dyadic adjustment with partner and dysfunctional relationship styles of mother-child dyad. Conclusions. The results of these studies highlight the importance of doing early screening and well-timed and preventive intervention programs to help the mother wellbeing.
Introduzione. La transizione alla maternità è un momento nella vita della donna molto importante ed è una crisi evolutiva, che nella maggior parte dei casi ha un esito positivo. In alcuni casi la maternità può essere influenzata negativamente dall’insorgere nella donna di disagi psichici (Milgrom et al., 2001). Uno dei disagi della maternità è la depressione post-partum, che si manifesta con un’incidenza all’incirca del 13%, ha un eziologia multifattoriale e ha ricadute sulla salute e acquisizione del ruolo di madre, sull’instaurarsi della relazione madre/bambino, sulla regolazione emotiva diadica e sul rapporto con il partner (Karney & Bradbury, 1995; O’Hara & McCabe, 2013; Pearson et al., 2013). La depressione post-partum è spesso associata con sintomi depressivi durante la gravidanza e questa continuità predice conseguenze peggiori sulla salute psichica della madre (Grigoriadis et al., 2013). Inoltre anche l’ansia si può presentare in comorbidità con i sintomi depressivi sia in gravidanza sia nel post-partum, l’incidenza è più alta in gravidanza, 18-25%, e decresce dopo il parto fino al 4,7% (Figueiredo & Conde, 2011 Sherry et al., 2014). L’ansia perinatale influenza negativamente gli scambi interattivi della diade madre bambino, queste madri sono più intrusive e i loro figli mostrano: pianto eccessivo, temperamento difficile e meno stati affettivi condivisi (Austin et al., 2008; Feldman, 2007; Reck et al., 2012). Un altro stato di disagio psichico è lo stress parentale che si può presentare nella transizione alla genitorialità (Abidin, 1990), ma non ci sono studi su questo stato in relazione con la depressione post-partum e/o l’ansia. Obiettivi. Il presente lavoro è suddiviso in tre ricerche che hanno lo scopo di indagare l’incidenza della depressione post-partum, le variabili che predicono maggiormente la depressione post-partum, la relazione fra ansia patologica depressione post-partum e stress parentale e come queste variabili influenzino gli stili interattivi e la regolazione emotiva della diade. Metodo. Le donne che hanno partecipato alle differenti ricerche sono state contattate presso l’ASL 2 di Savona fra la gravidanza e i primi mesi di post-partum. In tutte le ricerche la depressione è stata indagata con l’EPDS (Cox et al., 1987), l’ansia con lo STAI-Y (Spielberger, 1983), lo stress parentale con il PSI (Abidin, 1987), la percezione del rapporto di coppia con il DAS (Spanier, 1976), gli stili interattivi con il sistema di codifica video CARE-INDEX (Crittenden, 1994) e la regolazione emotiva diadica con il sistema di codifica video ICEP (Weinberg & Tronick, 1999; Riva Crugnola et al., 2013). Risultati. Le tre ricerche mettono in luce diversi risultati, fra cui come l’ansia in gravidanza sia un fattore predittivo della depressione post-partum e come durante la transizione alla maternità l’aumentare dei fattori di rischio psicosociali sia associato a una maggiore depressione post-partum. Le ricerche sottolineano la stretta relazione fra depressione post-partum, stress parentale e ansia perinatale e come quest’ultima influenzi maggiormente gli stili di regolazione emotiva diadici meno adeguati. Infine la depressione post-partum influenza la percezione della donna della qualità del rapporto di coppia e predice stili interattivi disfunzionale della madre e del bambino. Conclusioni. I seguenti studi mettono in evidenza la necessità di effettuare screening preventivi e mettere in atto interventi mirati a aiutare e a promuovere il benessere delle madri.
Disagio e depressione perinatali durante la crisi della maternità. Impatto sulla relazione madre-bambino
FERRO, VALENTINO
2017
Abstract
Background. The transition to the motherhood is a important moment in woman life and it is also a developmental crisis, in most cases this transition has a positive outcome. Motherhood in some cases is negatively influenced by woman mental illness (Milgrom et al., 2001). Post-partum depression is one of these perinatal mental illness and its incidence is 13%, it has a multifactorial etiology and it influence the woman well-being, the mother-child relationship, the dyadic emotional regulation and the relationship with partner (Karney & Bradbury, 1995; O’Hara & McCabe, 2013; Pearson et al., 2013). Postpartum depression often is associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy and this predict worse consequences on the mother's psychological well-being (Grigoriadis et al., 2013). The perinatal anxiety often occurs in comorbidity with depressive symptoms both in pregnancy and in the postpartum, the incidence of anxiety is higher in pregnant between 18% and 25% than in the post-partum period 4.7% (Figueiredo & Conde, 2011 Sherry et al., 2014). The perinatal anxiety has negative influence on mother-infant relationship, these mothers are more intrusive and their children have excessive crying, difficult temperament and less shared positive states (Austin et al., 2008; Feldman, 2007; Reck et al., 2012). Another perinatal mental distress is parenting stress that may occur in the transition to parenthood (Abidin, 1990), but there are few studies on the relationship of parenting stress, post-partum depression and anxiety. Aims. This paper is divided in three studies investigating different themes, like: the incidence of postpartum depression, the variables who predict postpartum depression, the relationship between anxiety postpartum depression and parenting stress and how these variables influence the relationship styles and emotional regulation of the mother-child dyad. Methods. The women who participated in the research were contacted in ASL2 of Savona between pregnancy and first months of post-partum. In all three studies post-partum depression has been investigated with EPDS (Cox et al., 1987), anxiety with STAI-Y (Spielberger, 1983), parenting stress wih PSI (Abidin, 1987), dyadic adjustment with partner with DAS (Spanier, 1976), the relationship styles with the video coding system CARE INDEX (Crittenden, 1994) and the emotional regulation of the mother-child with the video coding system ICEP (Weinberg & Tronick, 1999; Riva Crugnola et al., 2013). Results. The three studies underline different results, like: anxiety during pregnancy is predictor of post-partum depression; mothers who have a lot of psychosocial risk factors have more probability to develop depressive symptoms in pregnancy and in the post-partum period; the effect of this risk factors is pejorative in depression symptomatology in the transition to the motherhood; maternal depression, anxiety and parenting stress are associated, anxiety is a grater predictor than depression of less adequate styles of mother-infant emotion regulation; post-partum depression affects the dyadic adjustment with partner and dysfunctional relationship styles of mother-child dyad. Conclusions. The results of these studies highlight the importance of doing early screening and well-timed and preventive intervention programs to help the mother wellbeing.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/172989
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-172989