The topic of my PhD project was the theoretical investigation of the stereoelectronic and catalytic properties of metallo-enzymes involved in reactions of technological and environmental relevance. In particular, the research focused on carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODHs) and hydrogenases enzymes, that catalyse the interconversion of CO and CO2, and the reversible interconversion of protons and reducing equivalents into molecular hydrogen, respectively. Quantum mechanics calculations were carried out in the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) on models of the enzyme active sites. Models of different sizes, ranging from the minimal metal clusters to very large systems, including the second coordination sphere, were developed to elucidate the role of the protein environment during the catalysis. Several potential intermediate species along reaction pathways were further investigated by calculating spectroscopic properties. Different issues for CODHs and hydrogenases were addressed, depending on the current state of knowledge and the still open questions concerning these enzymes. In particular, the theoretical study of Ni-CODHs was aimed at elucidating the catalytic and stereoelectronic properties of the active site, known as C-cluster. Binding of the substrates CO2 and CO to different forms of the C-cluster was investigated to explore the enzymatic reactivity, whereas analysis of charges and spin densities on metallic atoms composing the active site was carried out to explore its electronic structure. The obtained results yielded a more detailed version of the Ni-CODH catalytic mechanism. Concerning Mo-CODHs, the reactivity of the active site towards H2 was instead investigated. With the aim of deepening insights into the nature of a H2-bound paramagnetic form of the enzyme experimentally observed during the reaction of Mo-CODHs with H2, EPR parameters have been predicted for this species and compared with the experimental values. Conversely, DFT calculations on hydrogenases were aimed at providing significant insights for their direct utilization in biotechnological hydrogen production processes and the development of O2-tolerant biomimetic catalysts. Oxidation and consequent inactivation of the active site of [NiFe]-hydrogenases were investigated using a very large-size DFT model. Since it was demonstrated that the oxidation occurs even in the absence of O2, the interconversion mechanisms between active and inactive forms of the enzyme were investigated by simulating both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Finally, a DFT investigation of the reactivation mechanism of the oxidized inactive forms of [NiFe]-hydrogenases was carried out to rationalize their different reactivation kinetics.
L’ oggetto della mia tesi dottorato è stato lo studio teorico-computazionale delle proprietà stereo elettroniche e catalitiche di metallo-enzimi coinvolti in reazioni con potenziale rilevanza ambientale e tecnologica. In particolare, la ricerca si è focalizzata sulle monossido di carbonio deidrogenasi (CODHs) e idrogenasi che rispettivamente catalizzano la reazione di riduzione di CO2 a CO e l’interconversione reversibile di protoni ed elettroni in idrogeno molecolare. Calcoli quanto-meccanici, basati sulla teoria del funzionale della densità elettronica (DFT), sono stati condotti su modelli del sito attivo di questi enzimi. Modelli di diverse dimensioni, dal sito minimale a sistemi molto estesi contenti la prima e la seconda sfera di coordinazione, sono stati sviluppati al fine di delucidare il ruolo fondamentale dell’intorno proteico nel ciclo catalitico. Oltre allo studio dei possibili percorsi di reazione eseguiti attraverso l'esplorazione della superficie di energia potenziale, alcuni potenziali intermedi sono stati ulteriormente investigati modellandone alcune proprietà spettroscopiche, quali spettri IR, EPR e Mossbauer. In particolare, per comprendere maggiormente le proprietà stereoelettroniche e catalitiche del sito attivo delle Ni-CODH, è stato investigato il legame dei substrati CO e CO2 al C-cluster in diversi stati redox, in presenza ed in assenza di altri leganti. I risultati ottenuti hanno permesso di identificare e caratterizzare alcuni intermedi del ciclo catalitico, facendo maggiore chiarezza su di esso. Lo studio sulle Mo-CODH ha invece riguardato la reattività del sito attivo verso la molecola di H2. Al fine di fornire informazioni utili per il diretto utilizzo delle idrogenasi come catalizzatori industriali per la produzione di idrogeno, l’ossidazione del sito attivo delle [NiFe]-idrogenasi è stato investigato in presenza ed assenza di O2. Infine, la riattivazione di due diverse forme inattive dell’enzima è stata studiata per razionalizzare la loro diversa cinetica di riattivazione.
Quantum-mechanical study of the stereoelectronic and catalytic properties of metallo-enzymes involved in reactions of environmental and technological relevance
BREGLIA, RAFFAELLA
2017
Abstract
The topic of my PhD project was the theoretical investigation of the stereoelectronic and catalytic properties of metallo-enzymes involved in reactions of technological and environmental relevance. In particular, the research focused on carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODHs) and hydrogenases enzymes, that catalyse the interconversion of CO and CO2, and the reversible interconversion of protons and reducing equivalents into molecular hydrogen, respectively. Quantum mechanics calculations were carried out in the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) on models of the enzyme active sites. Models of different sizes, ranging from the minimal metal clusters to very large systems, including the second coordination sphere, were developed to elucidate the role of the protein environment during the catalysis. Several potential intermediate species along reaction pathways were further investigated by calculating spectroscopic properties. Different issues for CODHs and hydrogenases were addressed, depending on the current state of knowledge and the still open questions concerning these enzymes. In particular, the theoretical study of Ni-CODHs was aimed at elucidating the catalytic and stereoelectronic properties of the active site, known as C-cluster. Binding of the substrates CO2 and CO to different forms of the C-cluster was investigated to explore the enzymatic reactivity, whereas analysis of charges and spin densities on metallic atoms composing the active site was carried out to explore its electronic structure. The obtained results yielded a more detailed version of the Ni-CODH catalytic mechanism. Concerning Mo-CODHs, the reactivity of the active site towards H2 was instead investigated. With the aim of deepening insights into the nature of a H2-bound paramagnetic form of the enzyme experimentally observed during the reaction of Mo-CODHs with H2, EPR parameters have been predicted for this species and compared with the experimental values. Conversely, DFT calculations on hydrogenases were aimed at providing significant insights for their direct utilization in biotechnological hydrogen production processes and the development of O2-tolerant biomimetic catalysts. Oxidation and consequent inactivation of the active site of [NiFe]-hydrogenases were investigated using a very large-size DFT model. Since it was demonstrated that the oxidation occurs even in the absence of O2, the interconversion mechanisms between active and inactive forms of the enzyme were investigated by simulating both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Finally, a DFT investigation of the reactivation mechanism of the oxidized inactive forms of [NiFe]-hydrogenases was carried out to rationalize their different reactivation kinetics.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/173260
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-173260