Relentless global population growth, anthropogenic activity and the resulting climate change are causing significant damage to the environment and agricultural systems. Worsening environmental stresses on plants, inefficient use of resources and the general alteration of interactions between organisms in an ecosystem are just some of the problems we will be forced to face in the next future. In the perspective of the ecological transition, different strategies are being explored to develop sustainable solutions that could ensure adequate production efficiency and limited impact, guaranteeing the maintenance of ecological balances. In this context, the primary goal of the present research was to develop efficient methods to synthetise sustainable agrochemicals from natural nanomaterials obtained through circular economy and then functionalized with active biomolecules. Studies were carried out primarily on the synthesis and characterisation of chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) for the defence of crops against fungal pathogens. These NPs have been utilized as carriers for specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNAs) sequences, with the aim of improving the efficiency of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing technology. This strategy may enable disease control through topical application of dsRNAs targeting pathogen essential genes on plant material. After preliminary analyses on NPs-functionalized properties and on their fate when sprayed on Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, inhibition tests on Botrytis cinerea were carried out conveying dsRNAs with interfering function on fungal metabolism. In addition, the production of a biostimulant from Calcium-Phosphate (CaP) NPs obtained by thermal treatment of Salmo salar bones was also investigated. In this case, CaP-NPs were combined with natural humic substances (HSs) and tested on Valerianella locusta and Diplotaxis tenuifolia to evaluate their nutrient uptake ability. The second step was to investigate the field of plant phenotyping as an innovative approach for managing agricultural or natural systems. New methods useful for agri-environmental monitoring were developed through two different studies, using imaging techniques at different analytical scales. Firstly, the leaf morpho-anatomical traits of four Amaranthus species were measured through image acquisition devices at full-scale and microscopic scale and subsequent image processing with specific software. The aim was to identify differences between species at a juvenile stage, that is notoriously difficult to analyse, but also the most critical phenological phase for weed competition with crops. In a second study, remote sensing compared with laboratory analysis was used to correlate the stress response of lagoon plant communities with multispectral indices. The aim was to investigate the power of imaging techniques to detect the environmental effect of flooding in salt marshes, with a view to understanding whether the method could be employed for environmental monitoring. Both lines of research, although they still require a lot of experimental work to be fully validated, deserve to be developed. Their effectiveness would be improved by combining them, integrating complementary practices together for a multidisciplinary problem-solving approach. The innovativeness of these tools and the holistic perspective with which to employ them would permit to revolutionize the sustainable management of different ecosystems.
L'inarrestabile crescita della popolazione mondiale, l'attività antropica e il conseguente cambiamento climatico stanno causando danni significativi all'ambiente e ai sistemi agricoli. Il peggioramento degli stress ambientali, l'uso inefficiente delle risorse e l'alterazione generale delle interazioni tra gli organismi di un ecosistema sono solo alcuni dei problemi che saremo costretti ad affrontare nel prossimo futuro. Nell'ottica della transizione ecologica, si stanno esplorando diverse strategie per sviluppare soluzioni sostenibili che possano assicurare un'adeguata efficienza produttiva e un impatto limitato, garantendo il mantenimento degli equilibri ecologici. In questo contesto, l'obiettivo primario della presente ricerca è stato quello di sviluppare metodi efficienti per sintetizzare agrofarmaci sostenibili a partire da nanomateriali naturali ottenuti attraverso l'economia circolare e poi funzionalizzati con biomolecole attive. Gli studi sono stati condotti principalmente sulla sintesi e sulla caratterizzazione di nanoparticelle di chitosano (NPs) per la difesa delle colture da patogeni fungini. Queste NPs sono state utilizzate come vettori di specifiche sequenze di RNA a doppio filamento (dsRNAs), con l'obiettivo di migliorare l'efficienza della tecnologia Spray-Induced Gene Silencing. Questa strategia può consentire il controllo delle malattie attraverso l'applicazione topica sul materiale vegetale di dsRNA mirati ai geni essenziali dei patogeni. Dopo analisi preliminari sulle proprietà delle NPs funzionalizzate e sul loro destino una volta spruzzate sulle foglie di Nicotiana benthamiana, sono stati condotti test di inibizione su Botrytis cinerea veicolando dsRNA con funzione di interferenza sul metabolismo fungino. Inoltre, è stata studiata la produzione di un biostimolante a partire da NPs di calcio-fosfato (CaP) ottenute dal trattamento termico delle ossa di Salmo salar. In questo caso, le NP di CaP sono state combinate con sostanze umiche naturali (HS) e testate su Valerianella locusta e Diplotaxis tenuifolia per valutare la loro capacità di assorbimento dei nutrienti. Il secondo passo è stato quello di indagare il campo della fenotipizzazione delle piante come approccio innovativo per la gestione dei sistemi agricoli o naturali. Sono stati sviluppati nuovi metodi utili per il monitoraggio agroambientale attraverso due diversi studi, utilizzando tecniche di imaging a diverse scale analitiche. In primo luogo, sono stati misurati i tratti morfo-anatomici fogliari di quattro specie di Amaranthus attraverso dispositivi di acquisizione di immagini su scala reale e microscopica e la successiva elaborazione dei dati con software specifici. L'obiettivo era identificare le differenze tra le specie in uno stadio giovanile, notoriamente difficile da analizzare, ma anche la fase fenologica più critica per la competizione delle infestanti con le colture. In un secondo studio, il telerilevamento confrontato con le analisi di laboratorio è stato utilizzato per correlare la risposta allo stress delle comunità vegetali lagunari con indici multispettrali. L'obiettivo è stato quello di indagare la capacità delle tecniche di imaging di rilevare l'effetto ambientale delle inondazioni nelle paludi salmastre, al fine di capire se il metodo possa essere impiegato per il monitoraggio ambientale. Entrambe le linee di ricerca, sebbene richiedano ancora molto lavoro sperimentale per essere pienamente validate, meritano di essere sviluppate. La loro efficacia sarebbe migliorata dalla loro combinazione, integrando pratiche complementari per un approccio multidisciplinare funzionale alla risoluzione dei problemi. L'innovatività di questi strumenti e la prospettiva olistica con cui impiegarli permetterebbero di rivoluzionare la gestione sostenibile di diversi ecosistemi.
Innovative technologies enabling plants to increase resilience as a pivotal feature in the conservation of agro-ecosystems
SCARPIN, DORA
2024
Abstract
Relentless global population growth, anthropogenic activity and the resulting climate change are causing significant damage to the environment and agricultural systems. Worsening environmental stresses on plants, inefficient use of resources and the general alteration of interactions between organisms in an ecosystem are just some of the problems we will be forced to face in the next future. In the perspective of the ecological transition, different strategies are being explored to develop sustainable solutions that could ensure adequate production efficiency and limited impact, guaranteeing the maintenance of ecological balances. In this context, the primary goal of the present research was to develop efficient methods to synthetise sustainable agrochemicals from natural nanomaterials obtained through circular economy and then functionalized with active biomolecules. Studies were carried out primarily on the synthesis and characterisation of chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) for the defence of crops against fungal pathogens. These NPs have been utilized as carriers for specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNAs) sequences, with the aim of improving the efficiency of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing technology. This strategy may enable disease control through topical application of dsRNAs targeting pathogen essential genes on plant material. After preliminary analyses on NPs-functionalized properties and on their fate when sprayed on Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, inhibition tests on Botrytis cinerea were carried out conveying dsRNAs with interfering function on fungal metabolism. In addition, the production of a biostimulant from Calcium-Phosphate (CaP) NPs obtained by thermal treatment of Salmo salar bones was also investigated. In this case, CaP-NPs were combined with natural humic substances (HSs) and tested on Valerianella locusta and Diplotaxis tenuifolia to evaluate their nutrient uptake ability. The second step was to investigate the field of plant phenotyping as an innovative approach for managing agricultural or natural systems. New methods useful for agri-environmental monitoring were developed through two different studies, using imaging techniques at different analytical scales. Firstly, the leaf morpho-anatomical traits of four Amaranthus species were measured through image acquisition devices at full-scale and microscopic scale and subsequent image processing with specific software. The aim was to identify differences between species at a juvenile stage, that is notoriously difficult to analyse, but also the most critical phenological phase for weed competition with crops. In a second study, remote sensing compared with laboratory analysis was used to correlate the stress response of lagoon plant communities with multispectral indices. The aim was to investigate the power of imaging techniques to detect the environmental effect of flooding in salt marshes, with a view to understanding whether the method could be employed for environmental monitoring. Both lines of research, although they still require a lot of experimental work to be fully validated, deserve to be developed. Their effectiveness would be improved by combining them, integrating complementary practices together for a multidisciplinary problem-solving approach. The innovativeness of these tools and the holistic perspective with which to employ them would permit to revolutionize the sustainable management of different ecosystems.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/180003
URN:NBN:IT:UNIUD-180003