The thesis paper entitled “From the Unfinished to the Uninhabited. Beyond the pedagogical function, toward an eco-poiesis of ruin” addresses the issue of architectural ruin in its contemporary artistic declination. The subject of ruins occupies a prominent place in today’s debate on contemporary art and architecture, but this is a field of research that involves a wide range of disciplines. This is due to the non-finite character of ruin, which denotes it as an open-ended and ever-changing category. The almost exclusive interest in older ruins, linked to their nostalgic character, has slowly been replaced by a fascination with more recently formed ruins. The signs of contemporary decline stimulate reflection on some original aspects with respect to traditional themes. Ancient ruins served as fragmentary evidence of the past, whereas, more recent ruins testify to the discrepancies of the present age. In his pamphlet on ruins entitled “Ruins and Rubble. The Sense of Time” (2004), Marc Augé explained how, through the profession of an anthropologist, ruins have come upon him as if precipitated upon him and he felt the need to interrogate them, making them a stimulus for invention. According to the anthropologist, the confrontation with ruins would have a pedagogical function and therefore should always be pressing in order to form the collective consciousness of the world. Ruins do not integrally reproduce any past, but evoke a multiplicity of pasts, offering the observer’s gaze material evidence of a lost functionality and at the same time an unceasing actuality. According to the non-place scholar, “the landscape of ruins [...] gives nature a temporal sign and nature, in turn, ends up destoricizing it by drawing it toward the timeless.” Therefore, the forces of nature are able to modify the landscape of ruin and remove it from the flow of linear time. Augé provides a personal interpretation of the time that the ruin is able to reactivate, he defines it as “pure”, as “a lost time that art sometimes manages to rediscover”. Indeed, it is the artist who throughout history, from the sixteenth century onward, has managed to glimpse the inexhaustible potential of ruin. This has become the protagonist of countless works of art and even today continues to inspire artists around the world in ever original ways. It is therefore through the eyes of the artist that in the thesis paper an attempt is made to look at the ruin in contemporary times, in its dual guise of architectural ruin and ruin as fragment, discard and remembrance. Objectives and research questions Initiating a research work on the question of ruins draws its sense from the conviction that the visual experience, digital and otherwise, related to them is capable of activating artistic processes that have significant socio-cultural repercussions especially with a view to the regeneration of abandoned places, of which southern Italy is pervasive. Thus, the research is configured as an investigation into the temporal reversal that ruins are able to activate by projecting the viewer’s gaze into the future. More specifically, it lingers on the contemporary artist’s way of looking and the expressive means he uses to intervene on the ruins. Through the analysis of case studies, the aim is to corroborate the hypothesis of a further function associated with the view of architectural ruins, beyond the pedagogical one feared by Marc Augé. Such a function is termed as eco-poetic in that it turns out to be linked to aspects that are not only artistic, but deeply sociological, political and cultural. Ruin is reread as an almost corporeal entity, capable of posing ethical questions and expressing real desires. The possibility of an active and different relationship with the image of the ruin understood as an element capable of resemantizing the dimension of dwelling is examined. Establishing a dialectical relationship with the ruin allows us to re-signify places and reappropriate the true meaning of dwelling. The main research questions are aimed at investigating: - What is the social and cultural function of ruins in the current era; - What kind of relationship exists between the image of ruins and the question of time and what are the consequences of this relationship on the artistic and sociocultural level; - How does the sight of ruins, whether in the form of an image (real or digital), activate a reappropriative instinct in the artist; - What role does art play in declining the relationship between man and places of the unfinished. Limitations of the existing literature Despite the amount of research and theorizing concerned with the study of architectural ruin, there has been still little interest in contemporary ruins in the Italian South area. This is particularly attentive because of the presence of ancient ruins, such as the ruins of Pompeii, for example, but rarely asked about the outcomes of the contemporary non-finished. This is even more true if one looks at the interest in current artistic manifestations versus the treatment of those places. It becomes necessary to pay more attention to the South, particularly Calabria, as a peculiar scenario with respect to the phenomenon of ruin, especially from an artistic and social point of view. In this region, the presence of ruins is due to an entirely peculiar phenomenon, which is that of building abuse of private origin that makes the link between abandoned places and the sense of living even closer. For these reasons, a more pregnant attention to such realities is deemed urgent. Methodology The methodology used to pursue the study on ruins is situated in the horizon of Visual Studies whose same perspective has been adopted with respect to the relationship with the image, choosing as a specific field of investigation the visual arts system. The current debate on ruins is very wide-ranging, so the first part of the thesis attempts a reconstruction of the most significant themes, with the aim of illustrating the theoretical frame of reference, useful for the identification of the more specific aspects that will be found in the following stages. The theoretical part converged in Chapter I entitled “Ruins: from power to desire.” Here, an attempt is made to outline a syllabary of the ruin, which is functional in clarifying the conceptual categories of reference that have emerged from the study of different authors who have addressed the topic. For example, we dwell on the meaning of the term “ruin” (George Simmel, Marc Augé, etc.), on the difference between “ruin” and “rubble” (Walter Benjamin, Salvatore Settis, Marc Augé), on the meaning of ruin understood as “discard”, “remnant”, “memory”, and “fragment” (Franco Purini, Marc Augé, Italo Calvino, Sigmund Freud), on the concept of “invisible ruin” (Marcello Barbanera) and “metaphysical ruin” (Edoardo Tresoldi). The difference between “ancient ruin” and “contemporary ruin” and that between “inhabited ruin” and “abandoned ruin” are also noted. The identification of the latter pair is especially due to George Simmel, one of the first to grasp the importance of the relationship between humans and ruins in his “Die Ruine”, a 1911 text. Introduced at the opening of the chapter is Marc Augè’s short but seminal essay on ruins, “Ruins and Rubble. The Sense of Time” (2003). As already anticipated, in this text the scholar reflects on the disruptive effects caused by the sight of ruins in those who observe them, and identifies the dimension of time as the main focus for understanding this phenomenon. Augé emphasizes the analogy between “memory” and “fragment”, anchoring the perceptual dimension of the ruin to the conception of time. For him, the ruin succeeds in catapulting us into a “pure time” in and out of time itself, into a “timeless” dimension. The function of ruins is thus “pedagogical” in that it confronts us with the dimension of a lost time that concerns neither the past nor the present and that only art can reactivate. At this point we take up the content of a 1966 essay by W.J.T. Mitchell, founder of Visual Studies, entitled “What Do Images Want?” This allows one to clarify the role of the image of ruin with respect to time and space in the contemporary context. It is done by reflecting on Mitchell's own considerations corroborated by the theories of urban planner Kevin Lynch and architecture professor Gianfranco Neri. The “view of ruins” is the starting point of the discussion. Neri makes himself an interpreter of the change affecting architecture as a result of the invasion of the field by the image in his “Images Figures Simulacra in the Contemporary” (2021). According to the professor, architecture itself becomes a mass-media and reveals itself essentially as a visual experience. Lynch elaborates a small manual entitled “The Image of the City” (1964) dedicated to apprentice urban planners, in which he clarifies the relationship between the structure of the city and the mental image that is constructed in a citizen's mind. The scholar stresses the need for breakpoints, for voids, in order to make imagination and creativity active. In this regard, he speaks of “open” images. Mitchell reveals how the image manages to maintain that extraordinary faculty, the remaining open, by attributing to it the faculty of longing, of desiring and thus of asking the viewer for one's desires to be fulfilled. The focus shifts from the “power” of images, often demonized and experienced as impositions on a passive gaze, to what they “desire”. The same question that Mitchell poses to “images” is addressed to the image of ruins. We no longer ask “What power do the ruins have?” but rather “What do the ruins want from us?” This reversal shifts the spotlight from the ruin as an image to be contemplated to the ruin as a stimulus for invention. The viewer becomes an interlocutor of the ruins, a potential sounding board for the voice of the ruins. The image of the ruin is a perceptual experience that is capable of raising ethical questions beyond mere aesthetic pleasure. This last crucial passage closes chapter one and is supported by the reflections of a number of authors including J.B. Jackson, Salvatore Settis and Marcello Barbanera. The “sublime pathos” triggered by ruin is transformed into an ethical involvement that propels toward constructive action. This creative propulsion is what has marked the relationship between the artist and the ruin throughout time up to contemporary times. A historical reconnaissance of this relationship is thus sketched out, confirming a wholly peculiar narrativity of ruins often intercepted only by artists. Ruins address the artist, expressing themselves through a set of signs to be re-deciphered and re-signified, and this necessitates a more explicit manifestation of their narrative through an external support. Such expressive support is found in their staging. The spectacularization of the ruin is explained following in the footsteps of the thinking of authors among whom Marc Augé and Francesco Speroni again. In the staging of the ruin, the contemporary artist becomes the absolute protagonist. Through the artistic intervention on the ruins, the artist becomes a designer of place and time, and the ruin becomes a project. Vincenzo Trione speaks of “artivism” where today’s artist tends physiologically to create works that have political and ethical as well as aesthetic significance. The artistic project on ruins is perhaps the only one capable of giving us back that “lost time” whose salvation Augé consigns to art. The second chapter entitled “The Voice of Ruins. Time rediscovered in interrupted space” is devoted to the trends identified at the theoretical level in the first chapter, which are here encountered at the empirical level in three case studies located in Calabria. Calabria was chosen because it stands out as one of the Italian regions most affected by the presence of ruins, ancient and contemporary. The reasons for this are related to a series of concauses that are analyzed in this chapter. On the one hand, this is caused by the geo-morphology of the region, which has been the protagonist of numerous catastrophic natural phenomena throughout history; on the other hand, it has been influenced by a failed urban planning policy that has produced a coastal landscape littered with unfinished and abandoned building constructions of public and private origin. The first section, “Jarring Echoes”, analyzes the short film “Le Corbusier in Calabria” (2009) by the two Calabrian directors of Baco Production, Fabio Badolato and Jonny Costantino, which captures the Ionian Sea landscape as seen through the remains of buildings. The images of rubble are alternated with, as anthropologist Vito Teti writes, real “flashes among the ruins”: a series of instants, eloquent photograms that immortalize experiences of reconstruction on rubble in the Calabrian land itself. Among them, one frame captures “Universal Concept”, a sculpture by Nik Spatari that towers on the hill of the “MuSaBa” in the Torbido Valley. Another shot captures the village of Pentidattilo, which has now become a symbol of reconstruction thanks to rehabilitation efforts by artisans and local residents. Relevant here are the concepts of “abandoned ruin” and “inhabited ruin”, the political sense of the artistic gesture and the staging of the ruin. The second section, entitled “Eternal Chimes”, analyzes the “MuSaBa”, an emblematic example of reconstruction on an ancient ruin by a contemporary artist who has returned to his homeland. Nik Spatari’s peculiar theories on color in relation to spirituality, his conception of time, art and the museum as infinite, are highlighted. Temporal and spatial dilation allows “MuSaBa” to embody the sense of ruin postulated in this study. The ruin projects itself into the future by continuing to pose questions that artists and participants in the eternal laboratory-museum project can potentially answer indefinitely. The ruin becomes a creative construction site, from a place of abandonment to a place of return, in which the artist recovers and reuses the remains for a project open to time, space and man. The third and final section “Sacred Silences” analyzes “Opera” (2020), the permanent installation on the Lungomare Falcomatà in Reggio Calabria made by Edoardo Tresoldi, taking up the concept of “invisible ruin” and “metaphysical ruin” and introducing the religious-spiritual aspect that characterizes the dimension of “ancient ruin.” Here we are dealing with the Greek temple and the concept of inhabiting the Mediterranean. Templar scaffolding resonates in the Calabrian, which is endemically shot through with a sense of rubble. The invisible ruin drives the artist to build the templar ruin while managing to keep the work open to the passage of people and the future. Jaques Derrida's concept of “architecture to come” is dissected here as well as his particular way of conceiving thought expounded in the essay “Thinking to the Unseen” (1979-2004). There is a common thread that places the mentioned artistic interventions in dialogue: a new way of conceiving the sacredness of places in relation to an environmental and architectural imaginary characterized by the presence of ruins. It is about drawing a link between the image of ruin (post-seismic; from unfinished construction; from urban depopulation) and the activation of a reconstruction process based on an ecosymbiotic relationship with nature and landscape. The chapter identifies this poeticcreative tension in Calabria, crystallizing it through an analytical-descriptive treatment of the aforementioned art installations. The concluding chapter draws conclusions from the analysis conducted on the case studies and uses the results as an empirical basis for the exposition of the research thesis. The excursus on the evolution of theories concerning architectural ruins in art, carried out in the first chapter, is taken up here for the purpose of expanding the theoretical approach. Taking up Augé's point, the temporal dimension of ruins is leveraged, which, as the reported case studies testify, is not anchored together with the past, in the realm of memory and nostalgia in and of itself, but rather - taking up a Calvinian expression - the memory of ruins is declined into the future. It is up to the artist's attentive gaze to interpret the ethical question posed by the ruin and thus actively respond to it through a gesture of reappropriation and reconstruction. Conclusions Building on ruins means making the remains a project of settlement, it means deciding to inhabit the abandoned place and resignify it. Martin Heidegger's thesis that links the need to build only to a preliminary capacity to inhabit is taken up. The shift from declining the ruin as “space” to “place” is emphasized. Through the eyes of the artist, we are able to make the crucial shift from “residing” to “inhabiting”. From a pedagogical function, identified by Marc Augé, a further eco-poetic function of the ruin is postulated here. A function that Vito Teti was able to identify in these terms in “Flashes among the Ruins”, commenting on the short film “Le Corbusier in Calabria”: “One feels the urgency of a new look, of a new regard. Of others, of ourselves, of those arriving, of those leaving, of the land, of rivers, of life, not forgetting a history of difficulties and contrasts.” This is possible by observing and recognizing in the ruin a place to inhabit the earth ecologically and ethically. Ruins are thus configured as fragments of spaces that confront us with an ethical question, the answer to which lies in poietic action. In a poetics of reconstruction through the reuse of waste, respect for the environment and landscape, and a desire for cohabitation and spiritual sharing with them. Ruins fuel life, trigger creative thoughts and generate constructive assumptions about the future. Results The trend, identified through the analysis of the case studies mainly involving Calabria, is that of overcoming a pure aesthetics of the ruin, as an object of admiration in and of itself, to which is substituted a process of reappropriation of the ruins and therefore of the abandoned places in a regenerative and therefore inhabitative sense. There emerges the creation of works of art that make use of the rubble, its image and materials, as the main medium. The ruin becomes the foundation of the poetic-artistic and social reconstruction of the place in which it lies. In this way, it ceases to represent only an occasion for rekindling the memory of past events or places, coming to be configured as a symbol and means of the reconstruction of those same places, with a view to weaving a new history. Contributions to existing literature With respect to the conspicuous existing critical literature, the research presented here could contribute, through an original reading of the phenomenon of fascination with ruins, to highlight how some characteristics assumed in this sphere by contemporary artistic practice can express new socio-cultural trends of particular relevance, even at the global level, based on the changing relationship between man and his way of inhabiting the landscape. The contribution of the research could be the recognition of this dynamic in reference to the status and use of the image of ruin. In particular, this study could stimulate greater attention to the condition of the Italian South. Limitations and directions for future research Although three case studies are presented as emblematic artistic experiences, the work is essentially shaped as theoretical. Starting from an analytical-visual approach to the subject matter, an investigation of the interdisciplinary and conceptual components inherent in the different articulations of the visual arts is encouraged. Possible future research perspectives could be identified in more empirical investigations aimed at verifying the applicability of the interpretive framework that the research intends to trace. In addition, the research conducted could stimulate an in-depth study of other similar cases in the Italian South. In particular, the case of Calabria could be given more attention and we could focus on a particular category of contemporary ruin that emerged in this study. This is the category of ruin as property confiscated from organized crime, a topic that should be carefully investigated given the significant socio-cultural and political implications.
L’elaborato di tesi intitolato “Dal non-finito al non-abitato. Oltre la funzione pedagogica, verso una eco-poiesi della rovina” affronta la tematica della rovina architettonica nella sua declinazione artistica contemporanea. Il tema delle rovine occupa un posto di primo piano nell’odierno dibattito sull’arte e l’architettura contemporanee, ma questo è un campo di ricerca che interessa un ampio ventaglio di discipline. Ciò è dovuto al carattere non-finito della rovina che la denota come categoria aperta e in continuo divenire. All’interesse quasi esclusivo per le rovine più antiche, legato al loro carattere nostalgico, si è andata lentamente sostituendo una fascinazione per le rovine di più recente formazione. I segni del declino contemporaneo stimolano la riflessione su alcuni aspetti originali rispetto alle tematiche tradizionali. Le rovine antiche fungevano da testimonianze frammentarie del passato, mentre, le rovine più recenti testimoniano le discrepanze dell’epoca attuale. Nel suo pamphlet sulle rovine intitolato “Rovine e macerie. Il senso del tempo” (2004), Marc Augé ha spiegato come, attraverso il mestiere dell’antropologo, le rovine gli siano come precipitate addosso e abbia sentito la necessità di interrogarle, facendone stimolo di invenzione. Secondo l’antropologo, il confronto con le rovine avrebbe una funzione pedagogica e per questo dovrebbe essere sempre incalzante allo scopo di formare la coscienza collettiva del mondo. Le rovine non riproducono integralmente alcun passato, ma evocano una molteplicità di trascorsi, offrendo allo sguardo dell’osservatore la prova materiale di una funzionalità perduta e allo stesso tempo di un’attualità incessante. Secondo lo studioso del non-luogo “il paesaggio delle rovine […] conferisce alla natura un segno temporale e la natura, a sua volta, finisce col destoricizzarlo traendolo verso l’atemporale.” Pertanto le forze della natura sono in grado di modificare il paesaggio della rovina e di sottrarlo allo scorrere del tempo lineare. Augé fornisce un’interpretazione personale del tempo che la rovina riesce a riattivare, lo definisce come “puro”, come “un tempo perduto che talvolta l’arte riesce a ritrovare.” In effetti è proprio l’artista che nel corso della storia, dal Cinquecento in poi, è riuscito a intravedere il potenziale inesauribile della rovina. Questa è diventata protagonista di numerosissime opere d’arte e ancora oggi continua ad ispirare gli artisti di tutto il mondo in modo sempre originale. È dunque attraverso gli occhi dell’artista che nell’elaborato di tesi si tenta di guardare alla rovina nella contemporaneità, nella sua duplice veste di rovina architettonica e di rovina come frammento, scarto e ricordo. Obiettivi e domande di ricerca Avviare un lavoro di ricerca sulla questione delle rovine trae il suo senso dalla convinzione che l’esperienza visiva, digitale e non, legata alle stesse sia in grado di attivare dei processi artistici che hanno delle ricadute socio-culturali significative specialmente in un’ottica di rigenerazione dei luoghi abbandonati, di cui l’Italia meridionale è pervasa. La ricerca si configura, dunque, come un’indagine sul capovolgimento temporale che le rovine riescono ad attivare proiettando lo sguardo dello spettatore nel futuro. Più specificamente, si indugia sul modo di guardare dell’artista contemporaneo e sui mezzi espressivi che egli utilizza per intervenire sulle rovine. Attraverso l’analisi di casi studi, l’obiettivo è di corroborare l’ipotesi di una funzione ulteriore associata alla vista delle rovine architettoniche, oltre quella pedagogica paventata da Marc Augé. Tale funzione è denominata come eco-poietica in quanto risulta legata ad aspetti non soltanto artistici, ma profondamente sociologici, politici e culturali. La rovina è riletta come entità quasi corporea, capace di porre interrogativi etici e di esprimere dei veri e propri desideri. Si vaglia la possibilità di un rapporto attivo e diverso con l’immagine della rovina intesa come elemento atto a risemantizzare la dimensione dell’abitare. Instaurare una relazione dialettica con la rovina ci permette di risignificare i luoghi e di riappropriarci del vero senso dell’abitare. Le principali domande di ricerca sono volte a indagare: - Qual è la funzione sociale e culturale delle rovine nell’epoca attuale; - Che tipo di rapporto sussiste tra l’immagine delle rovine e la questione del tempo e quali sono le conseguenze di tale relazione sul piano artistico e socioculturale; - In che modo la vista delle rovine, che sia sottoforma di immagine (reale o digitale), attiva nell’artista un istinto riappropriativo; - Che ruolo ha l’arte nel declinare il rapporto tra uomo e luoghi del non-finito. Limitazioni della letteratura esistente Nonostante la mole di ricerche e teorie che hanno ad oggetto lo studio della rovina architettonica, si è constatato un interesse ancora scarso alle rovine contemporanee dell’area del Meridione italiano. Questo è particolarmente attenzionato per la presenza di rovine antiche, quali ad esempio le rovine di Pompei, ma raramente interpellato circa gli esiti del non-finito contemporaneo. Ciò è ancor più vero se si guarda all’interesse per le manifestazioni artistiche attuali rispetto al trattamento di quei luoghi. Si rende necessario attenzionare maggiormente il Meridione, in particolare la Calabria, come scenario peculiare rispetto al fenomeno della rovina, soprattutto dal punto di vista artistico e sociale. In questa regione la presenza di rovine è dovuta ad un fenomeno del tutto peculiare che è quello dell’abusivismo edilizio di origine privata che rende ancor più stretto il legame tra luoghi abbandonati e senso dell’abitare. Per tali ragioni si reputa urgente un’attenzione più pregnante a tali realtà. Metodologia La metodologia utilizzata per portare avanti lo studio sulle rovine si situa nell’orizzonte dei Visual Studies di cui è stata adottata la medesima prospettiva rispetto al rapporto con l’immagine, scegliendo come specifico campo d’indagine il sistema delle arti visive. Il dibattito in corso sulle rovine è molto ampio, pertanto la prima parte della tesi tenta una ricostruzione dei temi più significativi, allo scopo di illustrare la cornice teorica di riferimento, utile all’individuazione degli aspetti più specifici che si ritroveranno nelle fasi successive. La parte teorica è confluita nel Capitolo I intitolato “Le rovine: da potere a desiderio”. In questa sede, si tenta di delineare un sillabario della rovina, funzionale a chiarire le categorie concettuali di riferimento emerse dallo studio di diversi autori che hanno affrontato il tema. Ci si sofferma ad esempio sul significato del termine “rovina” (George Simmel, Marc Augé ecc.), sulla differenza tra “rovina” e “maceria” (Walter Benjamin, Salvatore Settis, Marc Augé), sul significato della rovina intesa come “scarto”, “resto”, “ricordo” e “frammento” (Franco Purini, Marc Augé, Italo Calvino, Sigmund Freud), sul concetto di “rovina invisibile” (Marcello Barbanera) e di “rovina metafisica” (Edoardo Tresoldi). Si rileva inoltre la differenza tra “rovina antica” e “rovina contemporanea” e quella tra “rovina abitata” e “rovina abbandonata”. L’individuazione di quest’ultimo binomio è dovuta in particolar modo a George Simmel, uno dei primi ad avere colto l’importanza del rapporto tra l’uomo e le rovine nel suo “Die Ruine”, testo del 1911. Ad apertura del capitolo è introdotto il breve, ma fondamentale, saggio sulle rovine di Marc Augè, “Rovine e macerie. Il senso del tempo” (2003). Come già anticipato, in questo testo lo studioso riflette sugli effetti stravolgenti provocati dalla vista delle rovine in chi le osserva, ed individua come focus principale per comprendere tale fenomeno la dimensione del tempo. Augé pone l’accento sull’analogia tra “ricordo” e “frammento”, ancorando la dimensione percettiva della rovina alla concezione del tempo. Per lui, la rovina riesce a catapultarci in un “tempo puro” dentro e fuori dal tempo stesso, in una dimensione “atemporale”. La funzione delle rovine è dunque “pedagogica” in quanto ci pone dinnanzi alla dimensione di un tempo perduto che non riguarda né il passato né il presente e che solo l’arte riesce a riattivare. A questo punto si riprende il contenuto di un saggio del 1966 di W.J.T. Mitchell, fondatore dei Visual Studies, dal titolo “Cosa vogliono le immagini?”. Ciò consente di chiarire il ruolo dell’immagine della rovina rispetto al tempo e allo spazio nel contesto contemporaneo. Lo si fa riflettendo sulle considerazioni dello stesso Mitchell corroborate dalle teorie dell’urbanista Kevin Lynch e del professore di Architettura Gianfranco Neri. La “vista delle rovine” è il punto di partenza della trattazione. Neri si fa interprete del cambiamento che investe l’architettura a seguito dell’invasione di campo da parte dell’immagine nel suo “Immagini Figure Simulacri nel contemporaneo” (2021). Secondo il professore l’architettura diviene essa stessa un mass-media e si rivela essenzialmente come esperienza visiva. Lynch elabora un piccolo manuale intitolato “L’immagine della città” (1964) dedicato ad apprendisti urbanisti, nel quale chiarisce il rapporto tra la struttura della città e l’immagine mentale che si costruisce nella mente di un cittadino. Lo studioso sottolinea la necessità di punti di rottura, di vuoti, al fine di rendere attiva l’immaginazione e la creatività. A tal proposito parla di immagini “aperte”. Mitchell rivela in che modo l’immagine riesce a mantenere tale facoltà straordinaria, il rimanere aperta, attribuendole la facoltà di bramare, di desiderare e quindi di chiedere all’osservatore che i propri desideri vengano esauditi. L’attenzione si sposta dal “potere” delle immagini, spesso demonizzate e vissute come imposizioni ad uno sguardo passivo, a ciò che queste “desiderano”. Lo stesso interrogativo che Mitchell pone alle “images”, è rivolto all’immagine delle rovine. Non ci chiediamo più “Quale potere hanno le rovine?”, bensì “Cosa vogliono le rovine da noi?” Questo rovesciamento sposta i riflettori dalla rovina come immagine da contemplare alla rovina come stimolo di invenzione. Lo spettatore diviene un interlocutore dei resti, potenziale cassa di risonanza della voce delle rovine. L’immagine della rovina è un’esperienza percettiva che è in grado di sollevare interrogativi etici oltre il mero piacere estetico. Quest’ultimo cruciale passaggio chiude il capitolo primo ed è sostenuto dalle riflessioni di alcuni autori tra i quali J.B. Jackson, Salvatore Settis e Marcello Barbanera. Il “pathos sublime” scatenato dalla rovina si trasforma in un coinvolgimento etico che sospinge verso un’azione costruttiva. Questa propulsione creativa è ciò che ha contraddistinto il rapporto tra l’artista e la rovina nel corso del tempo fino alla contemporaneità. Si abbozza dunque una ricognizione storica di tale relazione che conferma una narratività del tutto peculiare delle rovine spesso intercettata solo dagli artisti. Le rovine si rivolgono all’artista, esprimendosi attraverso un insieme di segni da re-decifrare e re-significare e ciò rende necessaria una manifestazione più esplicita del loro racconto attraverso un supporto esterno. Tale sostegno espressivo si rinviene nella loro messa in scena. La spettacolarizzazione della rovina è spiegata seguendo le orme del pensiero di autori tra i quale ancora Marc Augé e Francesco Speroni. Nella messa in scena della rovina, l’artista contemporaneo diventa protagonista assoluto. Attraverso l’intervento artistico sui ruderi, l’artista si fa progettista del luogo e del tempo e la rovina diviene progetto. Vincenzo Trione parla di “artivismo” laddove l’artista di oggi tende fisiologicamente a creare opere che abbiano una valenza politica ed etica oltre che estetica. Il progetto artistico sulle rovine è forse il solo in grado di restituirci quel “tempo perduto” la cui salvezza Augé consegna all’arte. Il secondo capitolo intitolato “La voce delle rovine. Il tempo ritrovato nello spazio interrotto” è dedicato alle tendenze individuate a livello teorico nel primo capitolo, che qui vengono riscontrate a livello empirico in tre casi-studio situati in Calabria. La scelta è ricaduta sulla Calabria in quanto questa si presenta come una delle regioni italiane più interessate dalla presenza di rovine, antiche e contemporanee. Le ragioni sono legate ad una serie di concause che vengono analizzate in questo capitolo. Da un lato ciò è causato dalla geo-morfologia della regione, protagonista di numerosi fenomeni naturali catastrofici nel corso della storia, dall’altro ha influito una politica urbanistica fallimentare che ha prodotto un panorama costiero disseminato di costruzioni edilizie incompiute e abbandonate di origine pubblica e privata. Il primo paragrafo “Echi stridenti” analizza il corto cinematografico “Le Corbusier in Calabria” (2009) dei due registi calabresi della Baco Production, Fabio Badolato e Jonny Costantino, che immortala il panorama del Mar Ionio visto attraverso i resti edilizi. Alle immagini delle macerie si alternano, come scrive l’antropologo Vito Teti, veri e propri “lampi tra le rovine”: una serie di istanti, di fotogrammi eloquenti che immortalano esperienze di ricostruzione sulle macerie nella stessa terra calabra. Tra questi, un fotogramma immortala “Concetto Universale”, una scultura di Nik Spatari che svetta sulla collina del “MuSaBa”, nella valle del Torbido. Un altro scatto riprende il borgo di Pentidattilo, ormai divenuto simbolo di ricostruzione grazie ad interventi di recupero ad opera di artigiani e abitanti del luogo. Rilevano qui i concetti di “rovina abbandonata” e “rovina abitata”, il senso politico del gesto artistico e la messa in scena della rovina. Il secondo paragrafo, dal titolo “Eterni rintocchi”, analizza il “MuSaBa”, esempio emblematico di ricostruzione su una rovina antica ad opera di un artista contemporaneo tornato nella propria terra d’origine. Si mettono in luce le teorie peculiari di Nik Spatari sul colore in relazione alla spiritualità, la sua concezione del tempo, dell’arte e del museo come infiniti. La dilatazione temporale e spaziale permette al “MuSaBa” di incarnare il senso della rovina postulato in questo studio. La rovina si proietta nel futuro continuando a porre interrogativi ai quali gli artisti e i partecipanti al progetto di laboratorio-museo eterno possono rispondere potenzialmente all’infinito. La rovina diviene cantiere creativo, da luogo di abbandono a luogo di ritorno, in cui l’artista recupera e riutilizza i resti per un progetto aperto al tempo, allo spazio e all’uomo. Il terzo e ultimo paragrafo “Silenzi sacri” analizza “Opera” (2020), l’installazione permanente sul Lungomare Falcomatà a Reggio Calabria realizzata da Edoardo Tresoldi, riprendendo il concetto di “rovina invisibile” e “rovina metafisica” e introducendo l’aspetto religioso-spirituale che caratterizza la dimensione della “rovina antica”. Qui abbiamo a che fare con il tempio greco e con il concetto di abitare il Mediterraneo. L’impalcatura templare risuona nel calabrese che è endemicamente attraversato da un senso di maceria. La rovina invisibile spinge l’artista a edificare la rovina templare riuscendo a mantenere l’opera aperta al passaggio delle persone e all’avvenire. In questa sede è sviscerato il concetto di “architettura a venire” di Jaques Derrida così come il suo particolare modo di concepire il pensiero esposto nel saggio “Pensare al non vedere” (1979-2004). C’è un filo conduttore che pone in dialogo gli interventi artistici menzionati: un nuovo modo di concepire la sacralità dei luoghi in rapporto ad un immaginario ambientale e architettonico caratterizzato dalla presenza di rovine. Si tratta di tracciare un legame tra l’immagine della rovina (post-sismica; da non-finito edilizio; da spopolamento urbano) e l’attivazione di un processo di ricostruzione basato su un rapporto eco-simbiotico con la natura e il paesaggio. Il capitolo individua tale tensione poetico-creativa in Calabria, cristallizzandola attraverso una trattazione analitico-descrittiva delle installazioni artistiche suddette. Il capitolo conclusivo tira le somme dell’analisi condotta sui casi-studio e utilizza i risultati come base empirica per l’esposizione della tesi di ricerca. L’excursus sull’evoluzione delle teorie riguardanti le rovine architettoniche in arte, svolto nel primo capitolo, è ripreso in questa sede ai fini di ampliare l’approccio teorico. Riprendendo Augé si fa leva sulla dimensione temporale delle rovine che, come testimoniano i casi-studio riportati, non è ancorata unitamente al passato, all’ambito del ricordo e della nostalgia in sé e per sé, bensì - riprendendo un’espressione Calviniana - la memoria delle rovine è declinata al futuro. Sta allo sguardo attento dell’artista la capacità di interpretare l’interrogativo etico posto dalla rovina e quindi rispondervi attivamente attraverso un gesto di riappropriazione e ricostruzione. Conclusioni Edificare sulle rovine significa fare dei resti un progetto di insediamento, vuol dire decidere di abitare il luogo abbandonato e risignificarlo. Si riprende la tesi di Martin Heidegger che ricollega la necessità di costruire solo ad una preliminare capacità di abitare. Si sottolinea il passaggio dalla declinazione della rovina come “spazio” a “luogo”. Attraverso gli occhi dell’artista riusciamo a compiere il passaggio cruciale dal “risiedere” all’ “abitare”. Da una funzione pedagogica, individuata da Marc Augé, si postula qui una ulteriore funzione eco-poietica della rovina. Una funzione che Vito Teti ha saputo individuare in questi termini in “Lampi tra le rovine”, a commento del corto “Le Corbusier in Calabria”: “Si avverte l’urgenza di un nuovo sguardo, di un nuovo riguardo. Degli altri, di noi stessi, di quelli che arrivano, di quelli che partono, della terra, dei fiumi, della vita, non dimenticando una storia di difficoltà e di contrasti.” Ciò è possibile osservando e riconoscendo nella rovina un luogo in cui abitare ecologicamente ed eticamente la terra. Le rovine si configurano quindi come frammenti di spazi che ci pongono dinnanzi ad un interrogativo etico, la cui risposta risiede nell’azione poietica. In una poetica della ricostruzione attraverso il riutilizzo dello scarto, il rispetto dell’ambiente e del paesaggio, e una volontà di coabitazione e condivisione spirituale con essi. Le rovine alimentano la vita, innescano pensieri creativi e generano ipotesi costruttive sul futuro. Risultati La tendenza, individuata attraverso l’analisi dei casi studio che interessano principalmente la Calabria, è quella del superamento di una pura estetica della rovina, come oggetto di ammirazione in sé e per sé, alla quale si sostituisce un processo di riappropriazione dei resti e quindi dei luoghi abbandonati in senso rigenerativo e quindi abitativo. Emerge la creazione di opere d’arte che si servono della maceria, della sua immagine e dei suoi materiali, quale medium principale. La rovina diventa fondamenta della ricostruzione poetico-artistica e sociale del luogo in cui giace. In tal modo, essa cessa di rappresentare unicamente un’occasione di riaccensione della memoria di avvenimenti o luoghi del passato, giungendo a configurarsi come simbolo e mezzo della ricostruzione di quegli stessi luoghi, nell’ottica di tessere una storia nuova. Contributi alla letteratura esistente Rispetto alla cospicua letteratura critica esistente, la ricerca qui presentata potrebbe contribuire, attraverso una lettura originale del fenomeno di fascinazione per le rovine, a mettere in luce come alcune caratteristiche assunte in quest’ambito dalla pratica artistica contemporanea possano esprimere nuove tendenze socioculturali di particolare rilievo, anche a livello globale, basate sul mutare del rapporto fra l’uomo e il suo modo di abitare il paesaggio. Il contributo della ricerca potrebbe essere rappresentato dal riconoscimento di questa dinamica in riferimento allo statuto e all’uso dell’immagine della rovina. In particolare, lo studio in questione potrebbe stimolare una maggiore attenzione alla condizione del Meridione italiano. Limiti e traiettorie di ricerca futura Sebbene vengano presentati tre casi-studio, come esperienze artistiche emblematiche, il lavoro si configura essenzialmente come teorico. A partire da un approccio analitico-visuale al tema trattato si favorisce un’indagine delle componenti interdisciplinari e concettuali inerenti alle diverse articolazioni delle arti visive. Eventuali prospettive future di ricerca potrebbero essere individuate in indagini maggiormente empiriche che mirino a verificare l’applicabilità della struttura interpretativa che la ricerca intende tracciare. Inoltre, la ricerca effettuata potrebbe stimolare un approfondimento dello studio di altri casi analoghi nel Meridione italiano. In particolare, il caso della Calabria potrebbe essere maggiormente attenzionato e ci si potrebbe concentrare su una categoria particolare di rovina contemporanea emersa in questo studio. Si tratta della categoria di rovina come bene confiscato alla criminalità organizzata, un tema che andrebbe indagato attentamente visti i risvolti significativi a livello socio-culturale e politico.
Dal non finito al non abitato Oltre la funzione pedagogica verso una eco-poiesi della rovina
Priolo, Barbara
2024
Abstract
The thesis paper entitled “From the Unfinished to the Uninhabited. Beyond the pedagogical function, toward an eco-poiesis of ruin” addresses the issue of architectural ruin in its contemporary artistic declination. The subject of ruins occupies a prominent place in today’s debate on contemporary art and architecture, but this is a field of research that involves a wide range of disciplines. This is due to the non-finite character of ruin, which denotes it as an open-ended and ever-changing category. The almost exclusive interest in older ruins, linked to their nostalgic character, has slowly been replaced by a fascination with more recently formed ruins. The signs of contemporary decline stimulate reflection on some original aspects with respect to traditional themes. Ancient ruins served as fragmentary evidence of the past, whereas, more recent ruins testify to the discrepancies of the present age. In his pamphlet on ruins entitled “Ruins and Rubble. The Sense of Time” (2004), Marc Augé explained how, through the profession of an anthropologist, ruins have come upon him as if precipitated upon him and he felt the need to interrogate them, making them a stimulus for invention. According to the anthropologist, the confrontation with ruins would have a pedagogical function and therefore should always be pressing in order to form the collective consciousness of the world. Ruins do not integrally reproduce any past, but evoke a multiplicity of pasts, offering the observer’s gaze material evidence of a lost functionality and at the same time an unceasing actuality. According to the non-place scholar, “the landscape of ruins [...] gives nature a temporal sign and nature, in turn, ends up destoricizing it by drawing it toward the timeless.” Therefore, the forces of nature are able to modify the landscape of ruin and remove it from the flow of linear time. Augé provides a personal interpretation of the time that the ruin is able to reactivate, he defines it as “pure”, as “a lost time that art sometimes manages to rediscover”. Indeed, it is the artist who throughout history, from the sixteenth century onward, has managed to glimpse the inexhaustible potential of ruin. This has become the protagonist of countless works of art and even today continues to inspire artists around the world in ever original ways. It is therefore through the eyes of the artist that in the thesis paper an attempt is made to look at the ruin in contemporary times, in its dual guise of architectural ruin and ruin as fragment, discard and remembrance. Objectives and research questions Initiating a research work on the question of ruins draws its sense from the conviction that the visual experience, digital and otherwise, related to them is capable of activating artistic processes that have significant socio-cultural repercussions especially with a view to the regeneration of abandoned places, of which southern Italy is pervasive. Thus, the research is configured as an investigation into the temporal reversal that ruins are able to activate by projecting the viewer’s gaze into the future. More specifically, it lingers on the contemporary artist’s way of looking and the expressive means he uses to intervene on the ruins. Through the analysis of case studies, the aim is to corroborate the hypothesis of a further function associated with the view of architectural ruins, beyond the pedagogical one feared by Marc Augé. Such a function is termed as eco-poetic in that it turns out to be linked to aspects that are not only artistic, but deeply sociological, political and cultural. Ruin is reread as an almost corporeal entity, capable of posing ethical questions and expressing real desires. The possibility of an active and different relationship with the image of the ruin understood as an element capable of resemantizing the dimension of dwelling is examined. Establishing a dialectical relationship with the ruin allows us to re-signify places and reappropriate the true meaning of dwelling. The main research questions are aimed at investigating: - What is the social and cultural function of ruins in the current era; - What kind of relationship exists between the image of ruins and the question of time and what are the consequences of this relationship on the artistic and sociocultural level; - How does the sight of ruins, whether in the form of an image (real or digital), activate a reappropriative instinct in the artist; - What role does art play in declining the relationship between man and places of the unfinished. Limitations of the existing literature Despite the amount of research and theorizing concerned with the study of architectural ruin, there has been still little interest in contemporary ruins in the Italian South area. This is particularly attentive because of the presence of ancient ruins, such as the ruins of Pompeii, for example, but rarely asked about the outcomes of the contemporary non-finished. This is even more true if one looks at the interest in current artistic manifestations versus the treatment of those places. It becomes necessary to pay more attention to the South, particularly Calabria, as a peculiar scenario with respect to the phenomenon of ruin, especially from an artistic and social point of view. In this region, the presence of ruins is due to an entirely peculiar phenomenon, which is that of building abuse of private origin that makes the link between abandoned places and the sense of living even closer. For these reasons, a more pregnant attention to such realities is deemed urgent. Methodology The methodology used to pursue the study on ruins is situated in the horizon of Visual Studies whose same perspective has been adopted with respect to the relationship with the image, choosing as a specific field of investigation the visual arts system. The current debate on ruins is very wide-ranging, so the first part of the thesis attempts a reconstruction of the most significant themes, with the aim of illustrating the theoretical frame of reference, useful for the identification of the more specific aspects that will be found in the following stages. The theoretical part converged in Chapter I entitled “Ruins: from power to desire.” Here, an attempt is made to outline a syllabary of the ruin, which is functional in clarifying the conceptual categories of reference that have emerged from the study of different authors who have addressed the topic. For example, we dwell on the meaning of the term “ruin” (George Simmel, Marc Augé, etc.), on the difference between “ruin” and “rubble” (Walter Benjamin, Salvatore Settis, Marc Augé), on the meaning of ruin understood as “discard”, “remnant”, “memory”, and “fragment” (Franco Purini, Marc Augé, Italo Calvino, Sigmund Freud), on the concept of “invisible ruin” (Marcello Barbanera) and “metaphysical ruin” (Edoardo Tresoldi). The difference between “ancient ruin” and “contemporary ruin” and that between “inhabited ruin” and “abandoned ruin” are also noted. The identification of the latter pair is especially due to George Simmel, one of the first to grasp the importance of the relationship between humans and ruins in his “Die Ruine”, a 1911 text. Introduced at the opening of the chapter is Marc Augè’s short but seminal essay on ruins, “Ruins and Rubble. The Sense of Time” (2003). As already anticipated, in this text the scholar reflects on the disruptive effects caused by the sight of ruins in those who observe them, and identifies the dimension of time as the main focus for understanding this phenomenon. Augé emphasizes the analogy between “memory” and “fragment”, anchoring the perceptual dimension of the ruin to the conception of time. For him, the ruin succeeds in catapulting us into a “pure time” in and out of time itself, into a “timeless” dimension. The function of ruins is thus “pedagogical” in that it confronts us with the dimension of a lost time that concerns neither the past nor the present and that only art can reactivate. At this point we take up the content of a 1966 essay by W.J.T. Mitchell, founder of Visual Studies, entitled “What Do Images Want?” This allows one to clarify the role of the image of ruin with respect to time and space in the contemporary context. It is done by reflecting on Mitchell's own considerations corroborated by the theories of urban planner Kevin Lynch and architecture professor Gianfranco Neri. The “view of ruins” is the starting point of the discussion. Neri makes himself an interpreter of the change affecting architecture as a result of the invasion of the field by the image in his “Images Figures Simulacra in the Contemporary” (2021). According to the professor, architecture itself becomes a mass-media and reveals itself essentially as a visual experience. Lynch elaborates a small manual entitled “The Image of the City” (1964) dedicated to apprentice urban planners, in which he clarifies the relationship between the structure of the city and the mental image that is constructed in a citizen's mind. The scholar stresses the need for breakpoints, for voids, in order to make imagination and creativity active. In this regard, he speaks of “open” images. Mitchell reveals how the image manages to maintain that extraordinary faculty, the remaining open, by attributing to it the faculty of longing, of desiring and thus of asking the viewer for one's desires to be fulfilled. The focus shifts from the “power” of images, often demonized and experienced as impositions on a passive gaze, to what they “desire”. The same question that Mitchell poses to “images” is addressed to the image of ruins. We no longer ask “What power do the ruins have?” but rather “What do the ruins want from us?” This reversal shifts the spotlight from the ruin as an image to be contemplated to the ruin as a stimulus for invention. The viewer becomes an interlocutor of the ruins, a potential sounding board for the voice of the ruins. The image of the ruin is a perceptual experience that is capable of raising ethical questions beyond mere aesthetic pleasure. This last crucial passage closes chapter one and is supported by the reflections of a number of authors including J.B. Jackson, Salvatore Settis and Marcello Barbanera. The “sublime pathos” triggered by ruin is transformed into an ethical involvement that propels toward constructive action. This creative propulsion is what has marked the relationship between the artist and the ruin throughout time up to contemporary times. A historical reconnaissance of this relationship is thus sketched out, confirming a wholly peculiar narrativity of ruins often intercepted only by artists. Ruins address the artist, expressing themselves through a set of signs to be re-deciphered and re-signified, and this necessitates a more explicit manifestation of their narrative through an external support. Such expressive support is found in their staging. The spectacularization of the ruin is explained following in the footsteps of the thinking of authors among whom Marc Augé and Francesco Speroni again. In the staging of the ruin, the contemporary artist becomes the absolute protagonist. Through the artistic intervention on the ruins, the artist becomes a designer of place and time, and the ruin becomes a project. Vincenzo Trione speaks of “artivism” where today’s artist tends physiologically to create works that have political and ethical as well as aesthetic significance. The artistic project on ruins is perhaps the only one capable of giving us back that “lost time” whose salvation Augé consigns to art. The second chapter entitled “The Voice of Ruins. Time rediscovered in interrupted space” is devoted to the trends identified at the theoretical level in the first chapter, which are here encountered at the empirical level in three case studies located in Calabria. Calabria was chosen because it stands out as one of the Italian regions most affected by the presence of ruins, ancient and contemporary. The reasons for this are related to a series of concauses that are analyzed in this chapter. On the one hand, this is caused by the geo-morphology of the region, which has been the protagonist of numerous catastrophic natural phenomena throughout history; on the other hand, it has been influenced by a failed urban planning policy that has produced a coastal landscape littered with unfinished and abandoned building constructions of public and private origin. The first section, “Jarring Echoes”, analyzes the short film “Le Corbusier in Calabria” (2009) by the two Calabrian directors of Baco Production, Fabio Badolato and Jonny Costantino, which captures the Ionian Sea landscape as seen through the remains of buildings. The images of rubble are alternated with, as anthropologist Vito Teti writes, real “flashes among the ruins”: a series of instants, eloquent photograms that immortalize experiences of reconstruction on rubble in the Calabrian land itself. Among them, one frame captures “Universal Concept”, a sculpture by Nik Spatari that towers on the hill of the “MuSaBa” in the Torbido Valley. Another shot captures the village of Pentidattilo, which has now become a symbol of reconstruction thanks to rehabilitation efforts by artisans and local residents. Relevant here are the concepts of “abandoned ruin” and “inhabited ruin”, the political sense of the artistic gesture and the staging of the ruin. The second section, entitled “Eternal Chimes”, analyzes the “MuSaBa”, an emblematic example of reconstruction on an ancient ruin by a contemporary artist who has returned to his homeland. Nik Spatari’s peculiar theories on color in relation to spirituality, his conception of time, art and the museum as infinite, are highlighted. Temporal and spatial dilation allows “MuSaBa” to embody the sense of ruin postulated in this study. The ruin projects itself into the future by continuing to pose questions that artists and participants in the eternal laboratory-museum project can potentially answer indefinitely. The ruin becomes a creative construction site, from a place of abandonment to a place of return, in which the artist recovers and reuses the remains for a project open to time, space and man. The third and final section “Sacred Silences” analyzes “Opera” (2020), the permanent installation on the Lungomare Falcomatà in Reggio Calabria made by Edoardo Tresoldi, taking up the concept of “invisible ruin” and “metaphysical ruin” and introducing the religious-spiritual aspect that characterizes the dimension of “ancient ruin.” Here we are dealing with the Greek temple and the concept of inhabiting the Mediterranean. Templar scaffolding resonates in the Calabrian, which is endemically shot through with a sense of rubble. The invisible ruin drives the artist to build the templar ruin while managing to keep the work open to the passage of people and the future. Jaques Derrida's concept of “architecture to come” is dissected here as well as his particular way of conceiving thought expounded in the essay “Thinking to the Unseen” (1979-2004). There is a common thread that places the mentioned artistic interventions in dialogue: a new way of conceiving the sacredness of places in relation to an environmental and architectural imaginary characterized by the presence of ruins. It is about drawing a link between the image of ruin (post-seismic; from unfinished construction; from urban depopulation) and the activation of a reconstruction process based on an ecosymbiotic relationship with nature and landscape. The chapter identifies this poeticcreative tension in Calabria, crystallizing it through an analytical-descriptive treatment of the aforementioned art installations. The concluding chapter draws conclusions from the analysis conducted on the case studies and uses the results as an empirical basis for the exposition of the research thesis. The excursus on the evolution of theories concerning architectural ruins in art, carried out in the first chapter, is taken up here for the purpose of expanding the theoretical approach. Taking up Augé's point, the temporal dimension of ruins is leveraged, which, as the reported case studies testify, is not anchored together with the past, in the realm of memory and nostalgia in and of itself, but rather - taking up a Calvinian expression - the memory of ruins is declined into the future. It is up to the artist's attentive gaze to interpret the ethical question posed by the ruin and thus actively respond to it through a gesture of reappropriation and reconstruction. Conclusions Building on ruins means making the remains a project of settlement, it means deciding to inhabit the abandoned place and resignify it. Martin Heidegger's thesis that links the need to build only to a preliminary capacity to inhabit is taken up. The shift from declining the ruin as “space” to “place” is emphasized. Through the eyes of the artist, we are able to make the crucial shift from “residing” to “inhabiting”. From a pedagogical function, identified by Marc Augé, a further eco-poetic function of the ruin is postulated here. A function that Vito Teti was able to identify in these terms in “Flashes among the Ruins”, commenting on the short film “Le Corbusier in Calabria”: “One feels the urgency of a new look, of a new regard. Of others, of ourselves, of those arriving, of those leaving, of the land, of rivers, of life, not forgetting a history of difficulties and contrasts.” This is possible by observing and recognizing in the ruin a place to inhabit the earth ecologically and ethically. Ruins are thus configured as fragments of spaces that confront us with an ethical question, the answer to which lies in poietic action. In a poetics of reconstruction through the reuse of waste, respect for the environment and landscape, and a desire for cohabitation and spiritual sharing with them. Ruins fuel life, trigger creative thoughts and generate constructive assumptions about the future. Results The trend, identified through the analysis of the case studies mainly involving Calabria, is that of overcoming a pure aesthetics of the ruin, as an object of admiration in and of itself, to which is substituted a process of reappropriation of the ruins and therefore of the abandoned places in a regenerative and therefore inhabitative sense. There emerges the creation of works of art that make use of the rubble, its image and materials, as the main medium. The ruin becomes the foundation of the poetic-artistic and social reconstruction of the place in which it lies. In this way, it ceases to represent only an occasion for rekindling the memory of past events or places, coming to be configured as a symbol and means of the reconstruction of those same places, with a view to weaving a new history. Contributions to existing literature With respect to the conspicuous existing critical literature, the research presented here could contribute, through an original reading of the phenomenon of fascination with ruins, to highlight how some characteristics assumed in this sphere by contemporary artistic practice can express new socio-cultural trends of particular relevance, even at the global level, based on the changing relationship between man and his way of inhabiting the landscape. The contribution of the research could be the recognition of this dynamic in reference to the status and use of the image of ruin. In particular, this study could stimulate greater attention to the condition of the Italian South. Limitations and directions for future research Although three case studies are presented as emblematic artistic experiences, the work is essentially shaped as theoretical. Starting from an analytical-visual approach to the subject matter, an investigation of the interdisciplinary and conceptual components inherent in the different articulations of the visual arts is encouraged. Possible future research perspectives could be identified in more empirical investigations aimed at verifying the applicability of the interpretive framework that the research intends to trace. In addition, the research conducted could stimulate an in-depth study of other similar cases in the Italian South. In particular, the case of Calabria could be given more attention and we could focus on a particular category of contemporary ruin that emerged in this study. This is the category of ruin as property confiscated from organized crime, a topic that should be carefully investigated given the significant socio-cultural and political implications.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/183701
URN:NBN:IT:UNISTRADA-183701