Introduction Social evolution is a phenomenon intrinsically linked to the collective imagination that can shape our perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors. In the context of this vast and ever-changing landscape, the convergence of sociology of the imaginary, literature, and artificial intelligence offers fertile ground for the critical analysis of cultural, social, and ethical representations of motherhood in the digital age. My research aims to examine the academic literature and current research in these major interdisciplinary areas to contextualize the importance of exploring the relationship between artificial intelligence and motherhood in the collective imagination. This study aims to explore in depth the social imaginary that gravitates around this interconnectedness, offering a critical analysis of the new dynamics emerging in the era of technological change. The advent of machine learning has permeated every aspect of our society, changing its traditional dynamics and generating new perspectives on fundamental issues such as parenting; in this context, the concept of re-coding motherhood becomes a lens through which to examine contemporary cultural and social transformations. Objectives and research questions Around this theme gravitate the main theses on which my research project revolves, namely, demonstrating that behind scientific progress there are phenomena related to the collective imagination and how these can influence and shape technological progress; analyzing the relations between the human and the technique that the human produces; and demonstrating the reliability of using literature as a source of research for the field of Social Studies. The reference to the Enlightenment, aimed at emphasizing man's total dependence on factors other than the human, constitutes one of the foundations on which the treatment of the chosen theme is developed. Science becomes technical and claims to take command of society as a technocracy; technology prevails over humans for li economic calculation of the advantageousness of profit for the decision-makers. It comes, then, to the obsessive intrusiveness, in the social fabric, of the economic calculation of profit. Science claims to be a truth, a religion itself, but in truth, it is built based on the metaphysics most popularized in collective opinions, very often artificially constructed by those who guide collectivities, governing mass communication systems. As previously mentioned, science and social imaginary are closely interconnected and can influence each other in a variety of ways; scientific research is also often and frequently dependent on funding, which may come from governments, private entities or corporations. Funding priorities can be influenced by societal expectations and needs. In addition, scientists, as active members of social reality, can be influenced by the same expectations, concerns, and preconceptions that affect the rest of the population. This can guide the research questions asked, the interpretation of data, and even the choice of study topics. In addition, the way science communicates to the public through various channels such as the media, education, and science outreach can contribute to a social image of science that affects public perceptions of scientific developments and the future direction of research. In addition, it is necessary to point out that science seeks to adhere to strict standards and objective methodologies to limit the effect of external influences and ensure the validity of scientific discoveries; however, in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959), Popper argues that science cannot be bound by methodologies that attempt to establish a universal law from individual cases. He argues that regardless of the number of observations of a phenomenon, nothing can be generalized and nothing guarantees that the next observed case will behave in the same way as the previous ones. The inductivist turkey, a famous metaphor developed by philosopher Bertrand Russell and later adopted also by Karl Popper, named so to challenge claims of absolute validity of inductive inference by enumeration, is a masterful example. Popper argued that science should use a methodology based on falsifiability, since a single experiment can disprove an idea that has been established as true by many experiments. The philosopher believed that falsifiability should be a defining characteristic of all hypotheses based on empirical inquiry; therefore, it is possible to argue that since science is based on human conjecture derived from finite evidence, it is inherently flawed and cannot be considered superior to the opinions of literary or spiritual cultures. It is experimental, hypothetical and deductive knowledge that produces only probabilities rather than absolutes. Because human science isolates events from their environment and turns them into artificial experiments that allow only the observation of specific qualities, it has failed to replace cultural certainties, high-tech robotic surgical procedures never completely rule out the possibility of failure in the absence of human oversight to modify the technique for the intended surgical therapeutic goals. The use of technology to mimic essential human characteristics such as spontaneous motherhood is subject to the same defense; Mary Shelley had already warned that humans could be harmed by an artificial creature, a child of scientific technology. Understanding the emerging dynamics between artificial intelligence and motherhood is essential not only to anticipate the ethical and social challenges of the future, but also to consciously shape our evolutionary path as a society. Analyzing the social imaginary through the use of plural sources, such as films or novels, in this context offers a unique opportunity to reflect on our collective perceptions and to guide technological progress in harmony with human values. Literature, therefore, can not only be used by social scientists as a source of sociological research, but can also be considered a force that shapes, stimulates, and influences the social imagination, Zocchi (2023). Although this discipline is not often considered a reliable source of social research for several reasons, such as objectivity, methodology, verifiability, objectivity, and artistic interpretation, this does not mean that it cannot provide unique insights, explore ethical and moral issues, and offer a deeper understanding of human experiences. Quantunque literature does not often follow formal scientific protocols, some scholars such as Barthes (1967) and Booth (1968) argue that many literary works contain a kind of implicit methodology. Indeed, authors may conduct informal research, reflecting carefully on social, cultural, and psychological dynamics as they create their works. Literature can provide a more indepth portrayal of human experiences, allowing readers to identify with characters going through specific social experiences, as in the case of Medical Humanities studies; its artistic nature allows it to offer a broader and deeper understanding of human nature, emphasizing its emotional, aesthetic and cultural aspects and enriching the understanding of social dynamics in ways that traditional scientific research may not be able to capture; however, both approaches can coexist and enrich each other. The dissertation is divided into four chapters, and each chapter represents an important stage in the research journey. The first chapter studies and analyzes the social imaginary, allowing the reader to delve deeper and deeper into this fascinating branch of sociology. The heart of the thesis lies in the second chapter, where an indepth analysis of the sociology of literature will be presented, an interdisciplinary field that explores the relationship between literature and society, studying how literature reflects and influences social, cultural, and political changes. Indeed, some studies have examined how literary works influence public opinion and the collective perception of social and political events. For example, research has been conducted on the effect of 19th-century social novels in raising awareness of the conditions of industrial workers; it has also been shown how literary works represent society, social classes, power dynamics, cultural and gender identities, contributing to the understanding of how literature can provide a mirror of social and cultural realities; in fact, it is undeniable how literature stimulates or reflects on social changes, contributes to the construction of gender identities and representations of men and women, and interacts with popular culture, including mass media, music and film. Regarding the latter point, the third chapter considers three film productions that have helped shape current perceptions of motherhood regarding AI: Spielberg's A.I. (2001), Sputore's I Am Mother (2019), and Barthes' The Pod Generation (2023). Returning to the second chapter, the works analyzed are Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818), Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932), Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale (1985), Doris Lessing's The Cleft (2007) and Carol Stivers' The Mother Code (2020); the analysis is conducted through the unique strand of motherhood, the female body and artificial reproduction techniques. The last chapter leans on the discipline of Medical Humanities and traces the history of the artificial womb from the first in-depth discussion made in 1923 by British scientist John Burdon Sanderson Haldane to the present day. The ethical challenges raised by artificial intelligence in the context of motherhood require a critical analysis of literary representations and the collective imagination to fully understand the social and cultural implications. Through critical reflection on how the new connections between A.I. and motherhood are perceived and constructed in society, we will attempt to shed light on a hitherto little-explored research terrain. Limitations of existing literature The state of the art reveals a lack of interdisciplinary research that fully integrates the sociology of imagery, literature, and artificial intelligence in thinking about motherhood, limitations due to the lack of interdisciplinary approaches on this topic could affect the overall understanding of the work; in addition, the existing literature might not be fully aligned with the most recent developments in technologies related to artificial intelligence and motherhood, as rapid technological development might make the representation of some dynamics obsolete or incomplete, requiring a critical assessment of their relevance and topicality; the lack of quantitative data could also be considered a potential limitation, as the literary and sociological analyses conducted might focus mainly on qualitative approaches, with a limited presence of quantitative data. Fortunately, this sort of limitation could yes affect the ability to generalize conclusions, but also leave room for further empirical research more oriented to quantitative data. Methodology My research was guided by an interdisciplinary methodological approach that integrated different methodologies to explore in depth the link between artificial intelligence and motherhood in the collective imagination. First, I took a sociological approach, performing a critical analysis of the social imaginary surrounding motherhood in relation to emerging technologies. This methodology involved reviewing sociological literature to understand how cultural and ethical representations have developed in the context of new technological dynamics. In parallel, I performed an extensive literature review and textual analysis of literary and film works, applying an interpretive approach to identify narrative patterns and cultural representations of motherhood related to artificial intelligence. Film analysis was a key component, with the selection of three specific films that helped delineate emerging dynamics and provide visual context to my analyses. This approach allowed for an in-depth exploration of how images and visual narratives shape collective understandings of motherhood. In addition, the Medical Humanities perspective was integrated to critically reflect on artificial intelligence-related representations of motherhood, considering the intersection of medical, humanistic and ethical aspects. Finally, I adopted a critical appraisal of the philosophy of science, drawing on the works of Popper, to contextualize the validity and limitations of science in the context of my research. This philosophical approach enriched reflection on the role of science and empirical research in social and cultural dynamics. Integrating these different methodologies has enabled a comprehensive and multifaceted understanding of cultural representations of motherhood in the age of artificial intelligence. Importantly, much research on the sociology of the imaginary uses a combination of these methodologies to gain a more comprehensive understanding of cultural representations and their impact on society. In addition, digital technology has opened up new possibilities for the collection and analysis of cultural representations through the use of textual analysis software, social network analysis, and big data. Although the use of literary and film sources in sociological studies can bring some challenges and problems, such as objectivity and bias, a critical approach, proper context, and attention to potential problems allow literary sources to be integrated with other data sources, and through the use of rigorous methodologies, scholars can take full advantage of the value of literary works in sociological research. Results This research has led to major findings that highlight the intricate interconnections between artificial intelligence and motherhood in the collective imagination. Sociological analysis of the social imaginary revealed a diverse landscape of cultural representations of motherhood, unequivocally underscoring the impact of emerging technological dynamics. The interdisciplinary approach, amalgamating sociology, literature, filmmaking, and the Medical Humanities, offered a deep and multifaceted understanding of the dynamics involved, highlighting how these disciplines converge in a synergy that contributes to the construction of the social imaginary of technologically mediated motherhood. The careful analysis of the films and literary works considered highlighted the fundamental role of visual and nonvisual representations in shaping collective perceptions, also highlighting how cinematic language incisively influences cultural narratives. Finally, the critical appraisal of the philosophy of science provided an in-depth reflection on the position of science in this context, revealing the ethical and cultural complexities underlying the interaction between artificial intelligence and motherhood. Overall, the results of this research offer a comprehensive and in-depth overview of the dynamics involved, opening up new perspectives for reflection and outlining possible directions for future research. Contributions to existing literature and Conclusions This thesis is a significant contribution to the existing literature, presenting a detailed and original view of the relationship between artificial intelligence and motherhood in the collective imagination. One of the distinctive aspects of this research is its interdisciplinary nature; this convergence of disciplines offers a comprehensive and articulate analysis of the dynamics involved, allowing for the integration of perspectives often overlooked in single-disciplinary approaches. The in-depth investigation of cultural representations of motherhood, through literature review and textual and film analysis, enriches the academic landscape on the intricate interactions between culture, technology, and society; it also consecrates Carole Stiver's text to academic research. A distinctive feature of the thesis is the critical evaluation of the philosophy of science, based on Popper's principles, bringing a philosophical understanding that contextualizes the validity of science and raises important questions about the epistemological basis of cultural representations, as well as the ethical challenges inherent in the interaction between humanity and technology. Finally, the thesis is notable for its contribution to the Medical Humanities, proposing a critical analysis of the impact of technology on the concept of motherhood and expanding understanding of the human and cultural implications of emerging technologies in the context of reproduction. In conclusion, in addition to promoting a deeper understanding of motherhood in the age of artificial intelligence, the thesis offers fertile ground for future multidisciplinary explorations of the complex interplay between technology and culture in the construction of social and cultural representations. Limitations and directions for future research This thesis has charted a significant course in the context of the intersection of artificial intelligence and motherhood in the collective imagination, but there are several limitations that may guide more in-depth future research trajectories. One of the main limitations concerns the generalization of conclusions based on a specific body of literary and cinematic works. Expanding this investigation to a broader spectrum of texts could allow for a more comprehensive and representative understanding of the cultural dynamics examined. In addition, the specific cultural perspective on which the research focused could be another limitation, suggesting the need to explore representations of motherhood in different cultural contexts to gain a more comprehensive understanding. Regarding future research trajectories, a deepening of intergenerational perspectives could be fruitful, exploring how different generations perceive AI in relation to motherhood, considering social and technological changes over time. A further direction could be the study of representations in new forms of media, such as digital platforms and virtual reality. In addition, considering the emerging ethical implications related to the interaction between artificial intelligence and motherhood could open up a rich field of research with ethical challenges and dilemmas to explore. Finally, actively engaging the scientific community, the public, and marginalized voices could further enrich research through participatory approaches that include a wide range of perspectives and experiences. These limitations and trajectories of future research offer fertile ground for further exploration and contributions in the increasingly complex field of the interaction between artificial intelligence and motherhood.
Introduzione L'evoluzione sociale è un fenomeno intrinsecamente legato all'immaginario collettivo in grado di plasmare le nostre percezioni, credenze e comportamenti. Nel contesto di questo panorama vasto ed in continua evoluzione, la convergenza tra sociologia dell'immaginario, letteratura e intelligenza artificiale offre un terreno fertile per l'analisi critica delle rappresentazioni culturali, sociali ed etiche della maternità nell'era digitale. La mia ricerca mira ad esaminare la letteratura accademica e la ricerca corrente in queste principali aree interdisciplinari per contestualizzare l'importanza di esplorare il rapporto tra intelligenza artificiale e maternità nell'immaginario collettivo. Questo studio si propone di esplorare in profondità l'immaginario sociale che gravita intorno a questa interconnessione, offrendo un'analisi critica delle nuove dinamiche che emergono nell'era dei cambiamenti tecnologici. L'avvento del machine learning ha permeato ogni aspetto della nostra società, modificandone le dinamiche tradizionali e generando nuove prospettive su temi fondamentali come la genitorialità, in questo contesto, il concetto di ri-codifica della maternità diventa una lente attraverso cui esaminare le trasformazioni culturali e sociali contemporanee. Obiettivi e domande di ricerca Attorno a questo tema gravitano le tesi principali su cui verte il mio progetto di ricerca, ovvero: dimostrare che dietro il progresso scientifico esistono fenomeni legati all'immaginario collettivo e come questi siano in grado di influenzare e plasmare il progresso tecnologico; analizzare le relazioni tra l'umano e la tecnica che l'umano produce e dimostrare l'affidabilità dell'uso della letteratura come fonte di ricerca per il campo degli Studi Sociali. lI riferimento all'Illuminismo, volto a sottolineare la totale dipendenza dell'uomo da fattori diversi dall'umano costituisce uno dei fondamenti su cui la trattazione del tema prescelto si sviluppa. La scienza diventa tecnica e pretende di assumere il comando della società come tecnocrazia; la tecnologia prevale sull'umano per li calcolo economico della vantaggiosità dell'utile per i decisori. Si arriva, dunque, all'invadenza ossessiva, nel tessuto sociale, del calcolo economico dell'utile. La scienza pretende di essere una verità, una religione essa stessa, ma in verità è costruita sulla base delle metafisiche più divulgate nelle opinioni collettive, molto spesso costruite artificialmente da coloro che guidano le collettività, governando i sistemi di comunicazione di massa. Come precedentemente accennato, scienza e immaginario sociale sono strettamente interconnessi e sono in grado di influenzarsi a vicenda in diversi modi; la ricerca scientifica dipende spesso e volentieri anche dai finanziamenti, che possono provenire da governi, enti privati o aziende. Le priorità di finanziamento possono essere influenzate dalle aspettative e dai bisogni della società. Inoltre, gli scienziati, in quanto membri attivi della realtà sociale, possono essere influenzati dalle stesse aspettative, preoccupazioni e preconcetti che influiscono sul resto della popolazione. Ciò può orientare le domande di ricerca poste, l'interpretazione dei dati e persino la scelta degli argomenti di studio. Per di più, il modo in cui la scienza comunica al pubblico attraverso vari canali come i media, l'istruzione e la divulgazione scientifica, può contribuire a creare un'immagine sociale della scienza che condiziona la percezione pubblica degli sviluppi scientifici e la direzione futura della ricerca. È necessario sottolineare come la scienza cerchi di aderire a standard rigorosi e a metodologie oggettive per limitare l'effetto di influenze esterne e garantire la validità delle scoperte scientifiche; tuttavia, in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959), Popper sostiene che la scienza non può essere legata a metodologie che tentano di stabilire una legge universale da singoli casi particolari. Egli sostiene che, indipendentemente dal numero di osservazioni di un fenomeno, nulla può essere generalizzato e nulla garantisce che il prossimo caso osservato si comporterà nello stesso modo dei precedenti. Il tacchino induttivista, una famosa metafora sviluppata dal filosofo Bertrand Russell e successivamente adottata anche da Karl Popper, chiamata così per contestare le pretese di validità assoluta dell'inferenza induttiva per enumerazione, ne è un esempio magistrale. Popper sostiene che la scienza dovrebbe utilizzare una metodologia basata sulla falsificabilità, poiché un singolo esperimento può confutare un'idea che è stata stabilita come vera da molti esperimenti. Il filosofo riteneva che la falsificabilità dovesse essere una caratteristica distintiva di tutte le ipotesi fondate sull'indagine empirica; per cui è possibile sostenere che, essendo la scienza basata su congetture umane derivate da prove finite, essa è intrinsecamente difettosa e non può essere considerata superiore alle opinioni delle culture letterarie o spirituali. È una conoscenza sperimentale, ipotetica e deduttiva che produce solo probabilità piuttosto che assoluti. Poiché la scienza umana isola gli eventi dal loro ambiente e li trasforma in esperimenti artificiali che consentono solo l'osservazione di qualità specifiche, non è riuscita a sostituire le certezze culturali, le procedure di chirurgia robotica ad alta tecnologia non escludono mai completamente la possibilità di fallimento in assenza di una supervisione umana che modifichi la tecnica per gli obiettivi terapeutici chirurgici previsti. L'uso della tecnologia per imitare caratteristiche umane essenziali come la maternità spontanea è soggetto alla stessa difesa; Mary Shelley aveva già messo in guardia dal rischio che gli uomini potessero essere danneggiati da una creatura artificiale, figlia della tecnologia scientifica. Comprendere le dinamiche emergenti tra intelligenza artificiale e maternità è essenziale non solo per anticipare le sfide etiche e sociali del futuro, ma anche per modellare consapevolmente il nostro percorso evolutivo come società. Analizzare l'immaginario sociale attraverso l'uso di fonti plurali, come film o romanzi, in questo contesto offre un'opportunità unica per riflettere sulle nostre percezioni collettive e per guidare il progresso tecnologico in armonia con i valori umani. La letteratura, quindi, non solo può essere utilizzata dagli scienziati sociali come fonte di ricerca sociologica, ma può anche essere considerata una forza che modella, stimola e influenza l'immaginario sociale, Zocchi (2023). Sebbene questa disciplina non sia spesso considerata una fonte affidabile di ricerca sociale per diverse ragioni, come l'obiettività, la metodologia, la verificabilità, l'oggettività e l'interpretazione artistica, ciò non significa che non possa fornire intuizioni uniche, esplorare questioni etiche e morali e offrire una comprensione più profonda delle esperienze umane. Quantunque la letteratura non segua spesso protocolli scientifici formali, alcuni studiosi come Barthes (1967) e Booth (1968) sostengono che molte opere letterarie contengono una sorta di metodologia implicita. In effetti, gli autori possono condurre una ricerca informale, riflettendo attentamente sulle dinamiche sociali, culturali e psicologiche mentre creano le loro opere. La letteratura può fornire una rappresentazione più approfondita delle esperienze umane, permettendo ai lettori di immedesimarsi in personaggi che vivono specifiche esperienze sociali, come nel caso degli studi di Medical Humanities; la sua natura artistica permette di offrire una comprensione più ampia e profonda della natura umana, enfatizzandone gli aspetti emotivi, estetici e culturali e arricchendo la comprensione delle dinamiche sociali in modi che la ricerca scientifica tradizionale potrebbe non essere in grado di cogliere; entrambi gli approcci possono comunque coesistere e arricchirsi a vicenda. La tesi è suddivisa in quattro capitoli e ogni capitolo rappresenta una tappa importante del percorso di ricerca. Il primo capitolo studia e analizza l'immaginario sociale, permettendo al lettore di addentrarsi sempre più in questa affascinante branca della sociologia. Il cuore della tesi si trova nel secondo capitolo, dove verrà presentata un'analisi approfondita della sociologia della letteratura, un campo interdisciplinare che esplora il rapporto tra letteratura e società, studiando come la letteratura rifletta e influenzi i cambiamenti sociali, culturali e politici. Alcuni studi hanno infatti esaminato come le opere letterarie influenzino l'opinione pubblica e la percezione collettiva degli eventi sociali e politici. Ad esempio, sono state condotte ricerche sull'effetto dei romanzi sociali del XIX secolo nel sensibilizzare l'opinione pubblica sulle condizioni dei lavoratori dell'industria; è stato anche dimostrato come le opere letterarie rappresentino la società, le classi sociali, le dinamiche di potere, le identità culturali e di genere, contribuendo alla comprensione di come la letteratura possa fornire uno specchio delle realtà sociali e culturali; infatti, è innegabile come la letteratura stimoli o rifletta sui cambiamenti sociali, contribuisca alla costruzione delle identità di genere e delle rappresentazioni di uomini e donne, e interagisca con la cultura popolare, compresi i mass media, la musica e il cinema. Per quanto riguarda quest'ultimo punto, nel terzo capitolo vengono prese in analisi tre produzioni cinematografiche che hanno contribuito a plasmare l'attuale percezione della maternità riguardo all'intelligenza artificiale: A.I. di Spielberg (2001), I Am Mother di Sputore (2019) e The Pod Generation di Barthes (2023). Tornando al secondo capitolo, le opere prese in analisi sono Frankenstein (1818) di Mary Shelley, Brave New World (1932) di Aldous Huxley, The Handmaid's Tale (1985) di Margaret Atwood, The Cleft (2007) di Doris Lessing e The Mother Code (2020) di Carol Stivers; l'analisi è condotta attraverso il filone unico della maternità, del corpo femminile e delle tecniche di riproduzione artificiale. L'ultimo capitolo si appoggia alla disciplina delle Medical Humanities e ripercorre la storia dell'utero artificiale dalla prima discussione approfondita fatta nel 1923 dallo scienziato britannico John Burdon Sanderson Haldane fino ai giorni nostri. Le sfide etiche sollevate dall'intelligenza artificiale nel contesto della maternità richiedono un'analisi critica delle rappresentazioni letterarie e dell'immaginario collettivo per comprendere appieno le implicazioni sociali e culturali. Attraverso una riflessione critica su come le nuove connessioni tra A.I. e maternità sono percepite e costruite nella società, cercheremo di fare luce su un terreno di ricerca finora poco esplorato. Limitazioni della letteratura esistente Lo stato dell'arte rivela una mancanza di ricerca interdisciplinare che integri pienamente la sociologia dell'immaginario, la letteratura e l'intelligenza artificiale nel pensare alla maternità, le limitazioni dovute alla mancanza di approcci interdisciplinari su questa tematica potrebbero influenzare la comprensione complessiva del lavoro; inoltre la letteratura esistente potrebbe non essere completamente allineata con le più recenti evoluzioni delle tecnologie legate all'intelligenza artificiale e alla maternità, poiché il rapido sviluppo tecnologico potrebbe rendere obsoleta o incompleta la rappresentazione di alcune dinamiche, richiedendo una valutazione critica della loro attualità e rilevanza; anche la mancanza di dati quantitativi potrebbe essere considerato un potenziale limite, siccome le analisi letterarie e sociologiche condotte tendono a concentrarsi prevalentemente su approcci qualitativi, con una limitata presenza di dati quantitativi. Fortunatamente questa sorta di limitazione potrebbe sì influire sulla capacità di generalizzare le conclusioni, ma anche lasciare spazi per ulteriori ricerche empiriche più orientate ai dati quantitativi. Metodologia La mia ricerca è stata guidata da un approccio metodologico interdisciplinare che ha integrato diverse metodologie per esplorare in profondità il legame tra intelligenza artificiale e maternità nell'immaginario collettivo. In primo luogo, ho adottato un approccio sociologico, eseguendo un'analisi critica dell'immaginario sociale che circonda la maternità in relazione alle tecnologie emergenti. Questa metodologia ha coinvolto la revisione della letteratura sociologica per comprendere come le rappresentazioni culturali ed etiche si siano sviluppate nel contesto delle nuove dinamiche tecnologiche. Parallelamente, ho eseguito un'ampia revisione della letteratura e un'analisi testuale di opere letterarie e cinematografiche, applicando un approccio interpretativo per identificare i modelli narrativi e le rappresentazioni culturali della maternità legate all'intelligenza artificiale. L'analisi cinematografica è stata una componente chiave, con la selezione di tre film specifici che hanno contribuito a delineare le dinamiche emergenti e a fornire contesto visivo alle mie analisi. Questo approccio ha permesso di esplorare in modo approfondito il modo in cui le immagini e le narrazioni visive plasmano la comprensione collettiva della maternità. Inoltre, la prospettiva delle Medical Humanities è stata integrata per riflettere criticamente sulle rappresentazioni della maternità legate all'intelligenza artificiale, considerando l'intersezione tra aspetti medici, umanistici ed etici. Infine, ho adottato una valutazione critica della filosofia della scienza, attingendo alle opere di Popper, per contestualizzare la validità e i limiti della scienza nell'ambito della mia ricerca. Questo approccio filosofico ha arricchito la riflessione sul ruolo della scienza e della ricerca empirica nelle dinamiche sociali e culturali. Integrare queste diverse metodologie ha permesso una comprensione completa e sfaccettata delle rappresentazioni culturali della maternità nell'era dell'intelligenza artificiale. È importante notare che molte ricerche sulla sociologia dell'immaginario utilizzano una combinazione di queste metodologie per ottenere una comprensione più completa delle rappresentazioni culturali e del loro impatto sulla società. Inoltre, la tecnologia digitale ha aperto nuove possibilità per la raccolta e l'analisi delle rappresentazioni culturali attraverso l'uso di software di analisi testuale, analisi delle reti sociali e big data. Sebbene l'uso di fonti letterarie e cinematografiche negli studi sociologici possa comportare alcune sfide e problemi, come l'obiettività ed i pregiudizi, un approccio critico, un contesto adeguato e un'attenzione ai potenziali problemi consentono di integrare le fonti letterarie con altre fonti di dati e, attraverso l'uso di metodologie rigorose, gli studiosi possono trarre il massimo vantaggio dal valore delle opere letterarie nella ricerca sociologica. Risultati Questa ricerca ha condotto a risultati di rilievo che mettono in luce le intricate interconnessioni tra intelligenza artificiale e maternità nell'immaginario collettivo. L'analisi sociologica dell'immaginario sociale ha evidenziato un variegato panorama di rappresentazioni culturali della maternità, sottolineando in modo inequivocabile l'impatto delle dinamiche tecnologiche emergenti. L'approccio interdisciplinare, amalgamando sociologia, letteratura, cinematografia e Medical Humanities, ha offerto una comprensione profonda e sfaccettata delle dinamiche coinvolte, evidenziando come tali discipline convergano in una sinergia che contribuisce alla costruzione dell'immaginario sociale sulla maternità mediata tecnologicamente. L'analisi attenta dei film e delle opere letterarie presi in considerazione ha messo in risalto il ruolo fondamentale delle rappresentazioni visive e non nel plasmare le percezioni collettive, evidenziando inoltre come il linguaggio cinematografico influenzi in modo incisivo le narrazioni culturali. Infine, la valutazione critica della filosofia della scienza ha fornito una riflessione approfondita sulla posizione della scienza in questo contesto, svelando le complessità etiche e culturali che sottendono all'interazione tra intelligenza artificiale e maternità. Complessivamente, i risultati di questa ricerca offrono una panoramica completa e approfondita delle dinamiche coinvolte, aprendo nuove prospettive di riflessione e delineando possibili direzioni per la ricerca futura. Contributi e Conclusioni Questa tesi costituisce un contributo significativo alla letteratura esistente, presentando una visione dettagliata e originale sul rapporto tra intelligenza artificiale e maternità nell'immaginario collettivo. Uno degli aspetti distintivi di questa ricerca è la sua natura interdisciplinare, questa convergenza di discipline offre un'analisi completa e articolata delle dinamiche coinvolte, consentendo di integrare prospettive spesso trascurate in approcci monodisciplinari. L'indagine approfondita sulle rappresentazioni culturali della maternità, attraverso la revisione della letteratura e l'analisi testuale e cinematografica, arricchisce il panorama accademico sulle intricate interazioni tra cultura, tecnologia e società, consacra inoltre il testo di Carole Stiver alla ricerca accademica. Un elemento distintivo della tesi è la valutazione critica della filosofia della scienza, basata sui principi di Popper, apportando una comprensione filosofica che contestualizza la validità della scienza e solleva importanti interrogativi sulle basi epistemologiche delle rappresentazioni culturali, nonché sulle sfide etiche insite nell'interazione tra umanità e tecnologia. Infine, la tesi si distingue per il suo contributo alle Medical Humanities, proponendo un'analisi critica sull'impatto della tecnologia sul concetto di maternità e ampliando la comprensione delle implicazioni umane e culturali delle tecnologie emergenti nel contesto della riproduzione. In conclusione, oltre a promuovere una comprensione più profonda della maternità nell'era dell'intelligenza artificiale, la tesi offre un terreno fertile per future esplorazioni multidisciplinari sulla complessa interazione tra tecnologia e cultura nella costruzione delle rappresentazioni sociali e culturali. Limiti e traiettorie di ricerca futura Questa tesi ha tracciato un percorso significativo nel contesto dell'intersezione tra intelligenza artificiale e maternità nell'immaginario collettivo, ma ci sono diversi limiti che possono guidare traiettorie di ricerca futura più approfondite. Uno dei principali limiti riguarda la generalizzazione delle conclusioni basata su un corpus specifico di opere letterarie e cinematografiche. Espandere questa indagine ad un più ampio spettro di testi potrebbe consentire una comprensione più completa e rappresentativa delle dinamiche culturali esaminate. Inoltre, la prospettiva culturale specifica su cui si è concentrata la ricerca potrebbe costituire un altro limite, suggerendo la necessità di esplorare rappresentazioni della maternità in contesti culturali diversi per ottenere una comprensione più globale. Per quanto riguarda le traiettorie di ricerca futura, un approfondimento delle prospettive intergenerazionali potrebbe essere proficuo, esplorando come le diverse generazioni percepiscono l'intelligenza artificiale in relazione alla maternità, considerando i cambiamenti sociali e tecnologici nel tempo. Un'ulteriore direzione potrebbe essere lo studio delle rappresentazioni nelle nuove forme di media, come piattaforme digitali e realtà virtuale. Inoltre, considerare le implicazioni etiche emergenti legate all'interazione tra intelligenza artificiale e maternità potrebbe aprire un campo di ricerca ricco di sfide e dilemmi etici da esplorare. Infine, coinvolgere attivamente la comunità scientifica, il pubblico e le voci marginalizzate potrebbe arricchire ulteriormente la ricerca, attraverso approcci partecipativi che includano una vasta gamma di prospettive e esperienze. Questi limiti e traiettorie di ricerca futura offrono un terreno fertile per ulteriori esplorazioni e contributi nel campo sempre più complesso dell'interazione tra intelligenza artificiale e maternità.
Ricodificare la maternità: Uno studio di immaginario sociale sulle nuove connessioni tra intelligenza artificiale e maternità
Tiziana, Lentini
2024
Abstract
Introduction Social evolution is a phenomenon intrinsically linked to the collective imagination that can shape our perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors. In the context of this vast and ever-changing landscape, the convergence of sociology of the imaginary, literature, and artificial intelligence offers fertile ground for the critical analysis of cultural, social, and ethical representations of motherhood in the digital age. My research aims to examine the academic literature and current research in these major interdisciplinary areas to contextualize the importance of exploring the relationship between artificial intelligence and motherhood in the collective imagination. This study aims to explore in depth the social imaginary that gravitates around this interconnectedness, offering a critical analysis of the new dynamics emerging in the era of technological change. The advent of machine learning has permeated every aspect of our society, changing its traditional dynamics and generating new perspectives on fundamental issues such as parenting; in this context, the concept of re-coding motherhood becomes a lens through which to examine contemporary cultural and social transformations. Objectives and research questions Around this theme gravitate the main theses on which my research project revolves, namely, demonstrating that behind scientific progress there are phenomena related to the collective imagination and how these can influence and shape technological progress; analyzing the relations between the human and the technique that the human produces; and demonstrating the reliability of using literature as a source of research for the field of Social Studies. The reference to the Enlightenment, aimed at emphasizing man's total dependence on factors other than the human, constitutes one of the foundations on which the treatment of the chosen theme is developed. Science becomes technical and claims to take command of society as a technocracy; technology prevails over humans for li economic calculation of the advantageousness of profit for the decision-makers. It comes, then, to the obsessive intrusiveness, in the social fabric, of the economic calculation of profit. Science claims to be a truth, a religion itself, but in truth, it is built based on the metaphysics most popularized in collective opinions, very often artificially constructed by those who guide collectivities, governing mass communication systems. As previously mentioned, science and social imaginary are closely interconnected and can influence each other in a variety of ways; scientific research is also often and frequently dependent on funding, which may come from governments, private entities or corporations. Funding priorities can be influenced by societal expectations and needs. In addition, scientists, as active members of social reality, can be influenced by the same expectations, concerns, and preconceptions that affect the rest of the population. This can guide the research questions asked, the interpretation of data, and even the choice of study topics. In addition, the way science communicates to the public through various channels such as the media, education, and science outreach can contribute to a social image of science that affects public perceptions of scientific developments and the future direction of research. In addition, it is necessary to point out that science seeks to adhere to strict standards and objective methodologies to limit the effect of external influences and ensure the validity of scientific discoveries; however, in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959), Popper argues that science cannot be bound by methodologies that attempt to establish a universal law from individual cases. He argues that regardless of the number of observations of a phenomenon, nothing can be generalized and nothing guarantees that the next observed case will behave in the same way as the previous ones. The inductivist turkey, a famous metaphor developed by philosopher Bertrand Russell and later adopted also by Karl Popper, named so to challenge claims of absolute validity of inductive inference by enumeration, is a masterful example. Popper argued that science should use a methodology based on falsifiability, since a single experiment can disprove an idea that has been established as true by many experiments. The philosopher believed that falsifiability should be a defining characteristic of all hypotheses based on empirical inquiry; therefore, it is possible to argue that since science is based on human conjecture derived from finite evidence, it is inherently flawed and cannot be considered superior to the opinions of literary or spiritual cultures. It is experimental, hypothetical and deductive knowledge that produces only probabilities rather than absolutes. Because human science isolates events from their environment and turns them into artificial experiments that allow only the observation of specific qualities, it has failed to replace cultural certainties, high-tech robotic surgical procedures never completely rule out the possibility of failure in the absence of human oversight to modify the technique for the intended surgical therapeutic goals. The use of technology to mimic essential human characteristics such as spontaneous motherhood is subject to the same defense; Mary Shelley had already warned that humans could be harmed by an artificial creature, a child of scientific technology. Understanding the emerging dynamics between artificial intelligence and motherhood is essential not only to anticipate the ethical and social challenges of the future, but also to consciously shape our evolutionary path as a society. Analyzing the social imaginary through the use of plural sources, such as films or novels, in this context offers a unique opportunity to reflect on our collective perceptions and to guide technological progress in harmony with human values. Literature, therefore, can not only be used by social scientists as a source of sociological research, but can also be considered a force that shapes, stimulates, and influences the social imagination, Zocchi (2023). Although this discipline is not often considered a reliable source of social research for several reasons, such as objectivity, methodology, verifiability, objectivity, and artistic interpretation, this does not mean that it cannot provide unique insights, explore ethical and moral issues, and offer a deeper understanding of human experiences. Quantunque literature does not often follow formal scientific protocols, some scholars such as Barthes (1967) and Booth (1968) argue that many literary works contain a kind of implicit methodology. Indeed, authors may conduct informal research, reflecting carefully on social, cultural, and psychological dynamics as they create their works. Literature can provide a more indepth portrayal of human experiences, allowing readers to identify with characters going through specific social experiences, as in the case of Medical Humanities studies; its artistic nature allows it to offer a broader and deeper understanding of human nature, emphasizing its emotional, aesthetic and cultural aspects and enriching the understanding of social dynamics in ways that traditional scientific research may not be able to capture; however, both approaches can coexist and enrich each other. The dissertation is divided into four chapters, and each chapter represents an important stage in the research journey. The first chapter studies and analyzes the social imaginary, allowing the reader to delve deeper and deeper into this fascinating branch of sociology. The heart of the thesis lies in the second chapter, where an indepth analysis of the sociology of literature will be presented, an interdisciplinary field that explores the relationship between literature and society, studying how literature reflects and influences social, cultural, and political changes. Indeed, some studies have examined how literary works influence public opinion and the collective perception of social and political events. For example, research has been conducted on the effect of 19th-century social novels in raising awareness of the conditions of industrial workers; it has also been shown how literary works represent society, social classes, power dynamics, cultural and gender identities, contributing to the understanding of how literature can provide a mirror of social and cultural realities; in fact, it is undeniable how literature stimulates or reflects on social changes, contributes to the construction of gender identities and representations of men and women, and interacts with popular culture, including mass media, music and film. Regarding the latter point, the third chapter considers three film productions that have helped shape current perceptions of motherhood regarding AI: Spielberg's A.I. (2001), Sputore's I Am Mother (2019), and Barthes' The Pod Generation (2023). Returning to the second chapter, the works analyzed are Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818), Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932), Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale (1985), Doris Lessing's The Cleft (2007) and Carol Stivers' The Mother Code (2020); the analysis is conducted through the unique strand of motherhood, the female body and artificial reproduction techniques. The last chapter leans on the discipline of Medical Humanities and traces the history of the artificial womb from the first in-depth discussion made in 1923 by British scientist John Burdon Sanderson Haldane to the present day. The ethical challenges raised by artificial intelligence in the context of motherhood require a critical analysis of literary representations and the collective imagination to fully understand the social and cultural implications. Through critical reflection on how the new connections between A.I. and motherhood are perceived and constructed in society, we will attempt to shed light on a hitherto little-explored research terrain. Limitations of existing literature The state of the art reveals a lack of interdisciplinary research that fully integrates the sociology of imagery, literature, and artificial intelligence in thinking about motherhood, limitations due to the lack of interdisciplinary approaches on this topic could affect the overall understanding of the work; in addition, the existing literature might not be fully aligned with the most recent developments in technologies related to artificial intelligence and motherhood, as rapid technological development might make the representation of some dynamics obsolete or incomplete, requiring a critical assessment of their relevance and topicality; the lack of quantitative data could also be considered a potential limitation, as the literary and sociological analyses conducted might focus mainly on qualitative approaches, with a limited presence of quantitative data. Fortunately, this sort of limitation could yes affect the ability to generalize conclusions, but also leave room for further empirical research more oriented to quantitative data. Methodology My research was guided by an interdisciplinary methodological approach that integrated different methodologies to explore in depth the link between artificial intelligence and motherhood in the collective imagination. First, I took a sociological approach, performing a critical analysis of the social imaginary surrounding motherhood in relation to emerging technologies. This methodology involved reviewing sociological literature to understand how cultural and ethical representations have developed in the context of new technological dynamics. In parallel, I performed an extensive literature review and textual analysis of literary and film works, applying an interpretive approach to identify narrative patterns and cultural representations of motherhood related to artificial intelligence. Film analysis was a key component, with the selection of three specific films that helped delineate emerging dynamics and provide visual context to my analyses. This approach allowed for an in-depth exploration of how images and visual narratives shape collective understandings of motherhood. In addition, the Medical Humanities perspective was integrated to critically reflect on artificial intelligence-related representations of motherhood, considering the intersection of medical, humanistic and ethical aspects. Finally, I adopted a critical appraisal of the philosophy of science, drawing on the works of Popper, to contextualize the validity and limitations of science in the context of my research. This philosophical approach enriched reflection on the role of science and empirical research in social and cultural dynamics. Integrating these different methodologies has enabled a comprehensive and multifaceted understanding of cultural representations of motherhood in the age of artificial intelligence. Importantly, much research on the sociology of the imaginary uses a combination of these methodologies to gain a more comprehensive understanding of cultural representations and their impact on society. In addition, digital technology has opened up new possibilities for the collection and analysis of cultural representations through the use of textual analysis software, social network analysis, and big data. Although the use of literary and film sources in sociological studies can bring some challenges and problems, such as objectivity and bias, a critical approach, proper context, and attention to potential problems allow literary sources to be integrated with other data sources, and through the use of rigorous methodologies, scholars can take full advantage of the value of literary works in sociological research. Results This research has led to major findings that highlight the intricate interconnections between artificial intelligence and motherhood in the collective imagination. Sociological analysis of the social imaginary revealed a diverse landscape of cultural representations of motherhood, unequivocally underscoring the impact of emerging technological dynamics. The interdisciplinary approach, amalgamating sociology, literature, filmmaking, and the Medical Humanities, offered a deep and multifaceted understanding of the dynamics involved, highlighting how these disciplines converge in a synergy that contributes to the construction of the social imaginary of technologically mediated motherhood. The careful analysis of the films and literary works considered highlighted the fundamental role of visual and nonvisual representations in shaping collective perceptions, also highlighting how cinematic language incisively influences cultural narratives. Finally, the critical appraisal of the philosophy of science provided an in-depth reflection on the position of science in this context, revealing the ethical and cultural complexities underlying the interaction between artificial intelligence and motherhood. Overall, the results of this research offer a comprehensive and in-depth overview of the dynamics involved, opening up new perspectives for reflection and outlining possible directions for future research. Contributions to existing literature and Conclusions This thesis is a significant contribution to the existing literature, presenting a detailed and original view of the relationship between artificial intelligence and motherhood in the collective imagination. One of the distinctive aspects of this research is its interdisciplinary nature; this convergence of disciplines offers a comprehensive and articulate analysis of the dynamics involved, allowing for the integration of perspectives often overlooked in single-disciplinary approaches. The in-depth investigation of cultural representations of motherhood, through literature review and textual and film analysis, enriches the academic landscape on the intricate interactions between culture, technology, and society; it also consecrates Carole Stiver's text to academic research. A distinctive feature of the thesis is the critical evaluation of the philosophy of science, based on Popper's principles, bringing a philosophical understanding that contextualizes the validity of science and raises important questions about the epistemological basis of cultural representations, as well as the ethical challenges inherent in the interaction between humanity and technology. Finally, the thesis is notable for its contribution to the Medical Humanities, proposing a critical analysis of the impact of technology on the concept of motherhood and expanding understanding of the human and cultural implications of emerging technologies in the context of reproduction. In conclusion, in addition to promoting a deeper understanding of motherhood in the age of artificial intelligence, the thesis offers fertile ground for future multidisciplinary explorations of the complex interplay between technology and culture in the construction of social and cultural representations. Limitations and directions for future research This thesis has charted a significant course in the context of the intersection of artificial intelligence and motherhood in the collective imagination, but there are several limitations that may guide more in-depth future research trajectories. One of the main limitations concerns the generalization of conclusions based on a specific body of literary and cinematic works. Expanding this investigation to a broader spectrum of texts could allow for a more comprehensive and representative understanding of the cultural dynamics examined. In addition, the specific cultural perspective on which the research focused could be another limitation, suggesting the need to explore representations of motherhood in different cultural contexts to gain a more comprehensive understanding. Regarding future research trajectories, a deepening of intergenerational perspectives could be fruitful, exploring how different generations perceive AI in relation to motherhood, considering social and technological changes over time. A further direction could be the study of representations in new forms of media, such as digital platforms and virtual reality. In addition, considering the emerging ethical implications related to the interaction between artificial intelligence and motherhood could open up a rich field of research with ethical challenges and dilemmas to explore. Finally, actively engaging the scientific community, the public, and marginalized voices could further enrich research through participatory approaches that include a wide range of perspectives and experiences. These limitations and trajectories of future research offer fertile ground for further exploration and contributions in the increasingly complex field of the interaction between artificial intelligence and motherhood.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/183721
URN:NBN:IT:UNISTRADA-183721