In the relentless battle against cancer, the pursuit of understanding and overcoming drug resistance remains at the forefront of medical research. Despite significant advancements in treatment protocols, the challenge of resistance to apoptosis-inducing drugs continues to thwart efforts to achieve long-term remission. Thus, the urge of finding valuable alternatives for patients in life-threatening conditions. In particular, this work delves into the intricate mechanisms of breast cancer biology, exploring novel pathways and potential therapeutic interventions. The core objective of this study is to investigate the role of iron homeostasis and oxidative stress in breast cancer progression. By focusing on the recently discovered process of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, this research aims to identify new drug candidates capable of circumventing drug resistance while elucidating the role of heme oxygenase (HO) system in breast cancer cells. Experimental plan includes the analysis of ferroptotic markers expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute, lipid peroxidation impact and iron metabolism involvement in different in vitro models in order to unveil HO role in ferroptosis and regulation of cellular fate. In the attempt to validate the theory of inducible isoform HO-1 being a potential marker for cells responsiveness to ferroptosis, it was possible to highlight the importance of its subcellular localization for understanding and predict cellular behaviour. The findings reveal a delicate balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant conditions within cancer cells, with iron metabolism playing a pivotal role. The induction of ferroptosis by novel compounds, including natural compounds (curcumin and CAPE), newly synthetized derivatives and the off-label use of the antipsychotic drug haloperidol, was manageable to prove significant potential in reducing cell viability in different breast cancer cell lines. Notably, the study highlights the involvement of less-trodden pathways as ferritinophagy, offering new insights into the molecular routes that can be the subjects for further research in order to enhance treatment efficacy. As we journey through the complexities of breast cancer biology, this thesis not only sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance but also paves the way for innovative therapeutic approaches. The exploration of ferroptosis as a valueble treatment strategy holds promise for improving outcomes and providing hope to patients facing the challenges of resistant breast cancer. In the pages that follow, we unravel the potential of targeting heme oxygenase system to rewrite the narrative of breast cancer therapy.
Nella continua lotta contro il cancro, la comprensione e il superamento della resistenza ai farmaci convenzionali rimangono obiettivi primari della ricerca medica. Nonostante i significativi progressi nei protocolli di trattamento, la sfida rappresentata dalla resistenza ai farmaci che inducono apoptosi continua a ostacolare gli sforzi per ottenere una remissione a lungo termine. Da qui, l'urgenza di individuare valide alternative per i pazienti in condizioni potenzialmente letali. In particolare, questo lavoro esplora i complessi meccanismi biologici alla base dell’insorgenza e dello sviluppo del tumore al seno, investigando nuovi pathways molecolari e potenziali interventi terapeutici. L'obiettivo principale di questo studio è indagare il ruolo dell'omeostasi del ferro e dello stress ossidativo nella progressione del carcinoma mammario. Concentrandosi sul processo di recente scoperta della ferroptosi, una forma di morte cellulare dipendente dal ferro, questo lavoro mira a identificare nuovi candidati farmacologici in grado di aggirare la resistenza ai farmaci, analizzando al contempo il ruolo del sistema dell'eme ossigenasi (HO) nelle cellule tumorali del seno. Il piano sperimentale include l'analisi dell'espressione dei marcatori ferroptotici, il contributo delle specie reattive dell'ossigeno (ROS), l'impatto della perossidazione lipidica e il coinvolgimento del metabolismo del ferro in diversi modelli in vitro, con l'obiettivo di svelare il ruolo di HO nella ferroptosi e nella regolazione della proliferazione cellulare. Nel tentativo di validare la teoria secondo cui l'isoforma inducibile HO-1 potrebbe essere un potenziale marcatore della sensibilità delle cellule alla ferroptosi, è stato possibile evidenziare l'importanza della sua localizzazione subcellulare per comprendere e prevedere il comportamento cellulare. I risultati rivelano l’esistenza di un delicato equilibrio tra condizioni pro-ossidanti e antiossidanti all'interno delle cellule tumorali, con il metabolismo del ferro che gioca un ruolo cruciale. L'induzione della ferroptosi tramite nuovi composti, inclusi composti naturali come la curcumina e il CAPE, derivati di nuova sintesi e l'uso off-label di farmaci già approvati come l’antipsicotico aloperidolo, ha mostrato un potenziale significativo nella riduzione della vitalità cellulare in diverse linee di cellule di carcinoma mammario. In particolare, lo studio mette in evidenza il coinvolgimento di vie meno esplorate, come la ferritinofagia, offrendo nuove prospettive sui processi molecolari che potrebbero essere oggetto di ulteriori ricerche per migliorare l'efficacia dei trattamenti. Lungo il percorso attraverso le complessità della biologia del carcinoma mammario, questa tesi non solo fa luce sui meccanismi alla base della resistenza ai farmaci, ma apre anche la strada ad approcci terapeutici innovativi. L'esplorazione della ferroptosi come promettente nuova strategia di trattamento offre intriganti prospettive per il miglioramento e l’avanzamento di studi clinici, al fine di dare speranza ai pazienti che affrontano la sfida contro il tumore al seno. Nelle pagine che seguono, esploreremo il potenziale del sistema eme ossigenasi come target terapeutico, con l’obiettivo di ridefinire i paradigmi della terapia contro il carcinoma mammario.
Modulazione dell'eme ossigenasi nella Ferroptosi come nuova strategia antitumorale
CONSOLI, VALERIA
2024
Abstract
In the relentless battle against cancer, the pursuit of understanding and overcoming drug resistance remains at the forefront of medical research. Despite significant advancements in treatment protocols, the challenge of resistance to apoptosis-inducing drugs continues to thwart efforts to achieve long-term remission. Thus, the urge of finding valuable alternatives for patients in life-threatening conditions. In particular, this work delves into the intricate mechanisms of breast cancer biology, exploring novel pathways and potential therapeutic interventions. The core objective of this study is to investigate the role of iron homeostasis and oxidative stress in breast cancer progression. By focusing on the recently discovered process of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, this research aims to identify new drug candidates capable of circumventing drug resistance while elucidating the role of heme oxygenase (HO) system in breast cancer cells. Experimental plan includes the analysis of ferroptotic markers expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute, lipid peroxidation impact and iron metabolism involvement in different in vitro models in order to unveil HO role in ferroptosis and regulation of cellular fate. In the attempt to validate the theory of inducible isoform HO-1 being a potential marker for cells responsiveness to ferroptosis, it was possible to highlight the importance of its subcellular localization for understanding and predict cellular behaviour. The findings reveal a delicate balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant conditions within cancer cells, with iron metabolism playing a pivotal role. The induction of ferroptosis by novel compounds, including natural compounds (curcumin and CAPE), newly synthetized derivatives and the off-label use of the antipsychotic drug haloperidol, was manageable to prove significant potential in reducing cell viability in different breast cancer cell lines. Notably, the study highlights the involvement of less-trodden pathways as ferritinophagy, offering new insights into the molecular routes that can be the subjects for further research in order to enhance treatment efficacy. As we journey through the complexities of breast cancer biology, this thesis not only sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance but also paves the way for innovative therapeutic approaches. The exploration of ferroptosis as a valueble treatment strategy holds promise for improving outcomes and providing hope to patients facing the challenges of resistant breast cancer. In the pages that follow, we unravel the potential of targeting heme oxygenase system to rewrite the narrative of breast cancer therapy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Ph.D. Thesis Valeria Consoli XXXVII ciclo.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/188522
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-188522