Despite the growth of the global population require an increase in food production, on the other hand, agriculture is one of the human activities with the largest environmental impact. As is well known, the agricultural revolution led to increase the crop yields due to the introduction of more productive genotypes and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticide, largely adopted for the control of weeds, pest and plant diseases. However, their indiscriminate use had critical environmental consequences, leading to water and soil pollution as well as a reduction in biodiversity. Furthermore, the residues of pesticide, showed a negative impact on human health, causing an higher incidence of several chronic diseases. The modern agriculture must also face the climate change, which exacerbates both abiotic stresses, such as drought and high temperatures, and biotic stresses, such as the outbreak of new pests and diseases. There is, therefore, the need to find new solutions that can increase crop yields to safeguard food security, while also being eco-sustainable to protect the environment and the human health. One alternative is represented by the organic farming that by avoiding the use of chemical pesticides represents as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional agriculture. Despite that, organic farming has some limitations due to the lack of effective tools for the control of pest and diseases, as well as the absence of nutrition protocols and genotypes that can ensure the same yields achieved through conventional agriculture. The activities described in this PhD thesis were conducted within this context. The experimental work was carried out in synergy with national and European projects, such as Water4Agrifood and BRESOV. During the doctoral research, alternative tools to conventional pesticide were evaluated, including beneficial microorganisms, natural compounds, and amino acids. The experimental activities started from the "seeds", by evaluating alternative seed treatments for the control of seed-borne pathogens and protocols for the production of organic seeds. Microbial consortia and nutrition protocols were then assessed, which not only directly promote plant growth but also increase plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. The quality of the products obtained was evaluated through biomorphological and biochemical analyses. NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) technologies were also utilised to analyse the impact of the tested microbial consortia on the plant microbiome through the metabarcoding analysis. Furthermore, new irrigation sources, such as reused wastewater, were evaluated for their suitability in organic agriculture. The results obtained from the experiments performed, contributed to transfer practical knowledges to improve crop production in organic farming, both in terms of yield increase and nutritional quality.
Se da un lato l’aumento della popolazione mondiale richiede un incremento della produzione alimentare e quindi agricola, d’altro canto l’agricoltura è considerata una delle attività antropiche con il più grande impatto ambientale. Come è noto, la rivoluzione agricola ha portato ad un aumento delle produzioni anche grazie allo sviluppo di nuovi genotipi più produttivi ed all’utilizzo di fertilizzanti e agrofarmaci di sintesi chimica. Questi in passato sono stati ampiamente utilizzati per la nutrizione delle colture e per il controllo di infestanti, patogeni, parassiti. Il loro uso indiscriminato ha tuttavia avuto gravi conseguenze dal punto di vista ambientale, causando l’inquinamento delle acque e del suolo nonché la riduzione della biodiversità. Inoltre, i residui degli agrofarmaci chimici hanno avuto anche un impatto negativo sulla saluta umana portando ad una maggiore insorgenza di alcune patologie croniche. Non per ultima, l’agricoltura oggi deve fronteggiare anche il cambiamento climatico che favorisce l’insorgenza sia di stress di natura abiotica come la siccità e le alte temperature, che di natura biotica come l’insorgenza di nuovi patogeni e parassiti delle colture. Vi è quindi la necessità di trovare nuove soluzioni che possano incrementare le rese delle colture agricole per tutelare la sicurezza alimentare, ma che siano al contempo ecosostenibili per preservare l’ambiente e la salute umana. Un’alternativa è rappresentata dall’agricoltura biologica che, evitando l’utilizzo di agrofarmaci di sintesi chimica, si presenta come un’alternativa più sostenibile rispetto alla convenzionale. Tuttavia, l’agricoltura biologica presenta delle limitazioni dovute alla mancanza di mezzi di lotta efficaci contro patogeni e parassiti, nonché mezzi di nutrizione e genotipi in grado di garantire la stessa produzione che si ottiene con l’agricoltura convenzionale. In questo contesto si sono svolte le attività descritte nella presente tesi di dottorato. Le attività sperimentali sono state svolte in sinergia con diversi progetti nazionali ed europei, come ad esempio Water4Agrifood e BRESOV. Durante gli anni di dottorato sono stati valutati mezzi alternativi ai normali agrofarmaci di sintesi quali microrganismi utili, estratti naturali ed amminoacidi. Le attività sperimentali sono partite dal “seme”, valutando trattamenti alternativi per le sementi e protocolli per la produzione di sementi in biologico. Quindi sono stati valutati consorzi microbici e protocolli di nutrizione che promuovono sia direttamente la crescita delle piante ma che ne incrementano inoltre la resistenza sotto stress abiotici e biotici. La qualità dei prodotti ottenuti è stata quindi valutata tramite analisi biomorfologiche e biochimiche. Inoltre, sono state utilizzate le tecnologie NGS per analizzare l’impatto di alcuni consorzi microbici sul microbioma delle piante attraverso la tecnica del metabarcoding, sequenziando gli ampliconi di geni target. Contestualmente a queste attività, nuove fonti irrigue quali le acque reflue fitodepurate sono state valutate per la loro idoneità all’utilizzo in agricoltura. I risultati ottenuti dalle prove sperimentali, hanno contribuito a fornire informazioni operative e pratiche per il miglioramento delle produzioni agricole in agricoltura biologica, sia in termini di incremento delle produzioni che in termini di qualità nutrizionale.
Valorizzazione delle varietà autoctone di broccoli, cavolfiori e pomodori per l'innovazione di processo e di prodotto delle aree interne della Sicilia
RIZZO, GIULIO FLAVIO
2024
Abstract
Despite the growth of the global population require an increase in food production, on the other hand, agriculture is one of the human activities with the largest environmental impact. As is well known, the agricultural revolution led to increase the crop yields due to the introduction of more productive genotypes and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticide, largely adopted for the control of weeds, pest and plant diseases. However, their indiscriminate use had critical environmental consequences, leading to water and soil pollution as well as a reduction in biodiversity. Furthermore, the residues of pesticide, showed a negative impact on human health, causing an higher incidence of several chronic diseases. The modern agriculture must also face the climate change, which exacerbates both abiotic stresses, such as drought and high temperatures, and biotic stresses, such as the outbreak of new pests and diseases. There is, therefore, the need to find new solutions that can increase crop yields to safeguard food security, while also being eco-sustainable to protect the environment and the human health. One alternative is represented by the organic farming that by avoiding the use of chemical pesticides represents as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional agriculture. Despite that, organic farming has some limitations due to the lack of effective tools for the control of pest and diseases, as well as the absence of nutrition protocols and genotypes that can ensure the same yields achieved through conventional agriculture. The activities described in this PhD thesis were conducted within this context. The experimental work was carried out in synergy with national and European projects, such as Water4Agrifood and BRESOV. During the doctoral research, alternative tools to conventional pesticide were evaluated, including beneficial microorganisms, natural compounds, and amino acids. The experimental activities started from the "seeds", by evaluating alternative seed treatments for the control of seed-borne pathogens and protocols for the production of organic seeds. Microbial consortia and nutrition protocols were then assessed, which not only directly promote plant growth but also increase plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. The quality of the products obtained was evaluated through biomorphological and biochemical analyses. NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) technologies were also utilised to analyse the impact of the tested microbial consortia on the plant microbiome through the metabarcoding analysis. Furthermore, new irrigation sources, such as reused wastewater, were evaluated for their suitability in organic agriculture. The results obtained from the experiments performed, contributed to transfer practical knowledges to improve crop production in organic farming, both in terms of yield increase and nutritional quality.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/188529
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-188529