The antigenic peptides recognized by HLA class I-restricted CD8 T cells are typically 9-mers generated through a complex process of protein degradation, trimming and transport into the endoplasmic reticulum, collectively defined as antigen processing. The binding of peptides to HLA molecules can be accurately predicted using algorithms, but a major challenge lays in the identification of the few peptides that are efficiently generated by antigen processing thus defining to the immunodominance of T cell responses. To identify immunodominant epitopes recognized by SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated donors we used two complementary approaches to isolate Spike-specific CD8 T cell clones: i) in-vitro restimulation of memory CD8 T cells with the Ad5-based vaccine, and ii) direct cloning of in-vivo activated CD8 T cells collected on day 6 following booster immunization. CD8 T cell clones were characterized for peptide specificity, HLA restriction, functional avidity, sensitivity to viral escape and in-vivo frequency using single cell transcriptomics. Strikingly, in each individual tested, out of the large number of predicted strong binding peptides, only a few (2-5%) were recognized by CD8 T cells in association with 1-2 of the six HLA allelic molecules. These findings provide a quantitative framework to understand CD8 T cell immunodominance in response to an effective vaccine.
I peptidi antigenici presentati dagli HLA di classe I e riconosciuti dai linfociti T CD8 sono tipicamente 9-mer generati attraverso un complesso processo di degradazione proteica, accorciamento e trasporto nel reticolo endoplasmatico, definito collettivamente come processamento dell'antigene. Il legame dei peptidi alle molecole HLA può essere accuratamente predetto mediante algoritmi, ma una sfida importante consiste nell'identificazione dei pochi peptidi che vengono generati in modo efficiente dal processamento dell'antigene, definendo così l'immunodominanza delle risposte delle cellule T. Per identificare gli epitopi immunodominanti riconosciuti dai donatori vaccinati contro il SARS-CoV-2, abbiamo utilizzato due approcci complementari per isolare cloni di cellule T CD8 specifici per la proteina Spike: i) la ristimolazione in-vitro delle cellule T CD8 della memoria con il vaccino Astrazeneca e ii) la clonazione diretta di cellule T CD8 attivate in-vivo e raccolte al giorno 6 dopo il richiamo tramite vaccinazione. I cloni di cellule T CD8 sono stati caratterizzati per specificità peptidica, restrizione al HLA, avidità funzionale, sensibilità all'evasione virale e frequenza in-vivo utilizzando la trascrittomica di singole cellule. È sorprendente notare che in ogni individuo testato, del gran numero di peptidi previsti per lagare fortemente gli alleli HLA, solo alcuni (2-5%) sono stati riconosciuti dalle cellule T CD8 in associazione con 1-2 delle sei molecole alleliche HLA. Questi risultati forniscono un quadro quantitativo per comprendere l'immunodominanza delle cellule T CD8 in risposta a un vaccino efficace.
Mapping Immunodominant CD8 T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: A Systematic Analysis of Antigen Specificity and HLA Class I Restriction
ADRAGNA, CECILIA
2025
Abstract
The antigenic peptides recognized by HLA class I-restricted CD8 T cells are typically 9-mers generated through a complex process of protein degradation, trimming and transport into the endoplasmic reticulum, collectively defined as antigen processing. The binding of peptides to HLA molecules can be accurately predicted using algorithms, but a major challenge lays in the identification of the few peptides that are efficiently generated by antigen processing thus defining to the immunodominance of T cell responses. To identify immunodominant epitopes recognized by SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated donors we used two complementary approaches to isolate Spike-specific CD8 T cell clones: i) in-vitro restimulation of memory CD8 T cells with the Ad5-based vaccine, and ii) direct cloning of in-vivo activated CD8 T cells collected on day 6 following booster immunization. CD8 T cell clones were characterized for peptide specificity, HLA restriction, functional avidity, sensitivity to viral escape and in-vivo frequency using single cell transcriptomics. Strikingly, in each individual tested, out of the large number of predicted strong binding peptides, only a few (2-5%) were recognized by CD8 T cells in association with 1-2 of the six HLA allelic molecules. These findings provide a quantitative framework to understand CD8 T cell immunodominance in response to an effective vaccine.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/188883
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-188883