In recent years, alongside conventional screening procedures for the evaluation of probiotics for human use, the pharmaceutical and food industries have stimulated scientific research to implement further selective criteria for the identification of bacteria with particular characteristics to be used as a dietary supplement or as a microbial culture in the production of functional foods. At the same time, in the functional food sector, there is a growing focus on the production of products made from plant sources as an alternative to animal products. Nowadays, lactose intolerance, the need for low-calorie diets and the incidence of hypercholesterolemia, have increased the preference for vegan diets, thus orienting consumers towards the choice of alternatives to cow's milk. Historically, soymilk was the first plant-based milk intended to provide nutrients to the population where cow's milk intake was inadequate and in particular it is a food that is becoming increasingly important in the diet of people allergic to milk proteins and lactose intolerant. In addition to being a high-protein food, soy contains several substances with functional and nutritional properties: fatty acids, vitamins, peptides, minerals, flavonoids, phenolic acids and saponins. The fermentation of soymilk has been used for thousands of years as a valid strategy to increase the shelf life of the raw material, but today it is also exploited as a biotechnological strategy aimed at improving its organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. The main objective of the research activities carried out during the three-year PhD was to obtain fermented soy-based products that, in addition to preserving the nutritional properties of soy, had a greater functional value than the raw material. In the initial screening phase, five strains Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp. plantarum) strains, isolated from bee bread were examined. In particular, the following parameters were evaluated: antioxidant activity antimicrobial activity β-glucosidase activity γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) production Wide heterogeneity was found in relation to the examined properties, confirming that these are strain-specific. Therefore, results suggest that a careful selection within a given species is of utmost importance to identify appropriate strains for specific biotechnological applications. In particular, it was observed that Lp. plantarum LP95 strain was the best performing strain. Given these premises, in the following experimental phases, Lp. plantarum LP95 was used as a starter for the production of a fermented soymilk and for the production of fermented tofu. Soymilk was fermented with Lp. plantarum LP95, at 37 °C, without the use of stabilizers as well thickeners or acidity regulators. The results obtained showed that fermentation by Lp. plantarum LP95 improves some functional properties of soymilk. In particular, the increase in the content of isoflavones in aglycone form after fermentation was the result of β-glucosidase activity against isoflavone glycosides. The fermentation kinetics of Lp. plantarum LP95 in the soymilk substrate showed that, after 24 hours, this strain is able to ferment the monosaccharides and disaccharides naturally present in soymilk, while leaving unchanged the content of galactooligosaccharides (GOS), which act as a prebiotic substrate for the colonization of bacterial species beneficial for gut health. In tofu, after 21 days of maturation, Lp. plantarum LP95 maintains good viability (about 106 CFU/g) and the final product retains a high nutritional and functional value, due to its content of isoflavones, amino acids, and GABA. Based on this evidence, Lp. plantarum LP95 appears to be a promising candidate as a starter culture to obtain fermented soymilk products with high nutritional and functional value.
Negli ultimi anni, accanto alle tradizionali procedure di screening per la valutazione dei probiotici per uso umano, le industrie farmaceutiche e alimentari hanno stimolato la ricerca scientifica per implementare ulteriori criteri selettivi per l'identificazione di batteri con caratteristiche particolari da utilizzare come integratori alimentari o come coltura microbica nella produzione di alimenti funzionali. Allo stesso tempo, nel settore degli alimenti funzionali, c’è una sempre maggiore attenzione alla produzione di prodotti ottenuti da fonti vegetali in alternativa ai prodotti di origine animale. Al giorno d'oggi l'intolleranza al lattosio, l’esigenza di diete ipocaloriche e l'incidenza dell'ipercolesterolemia, hanno aumentato la preferenza per le diete vegane, orientando così i consumatori verso la scelta di alternative al latte vaccino. Storicamente, il latte di soia è stato il primo latte vegetale destinato a fornire nutrienti alla popolazione in cui l'assunzione di latte vaccino era inadeguata, ed è un alimento che sta diventando sempre più importante nella dieta delle persone allergiche alle proteine del latte e intolleranti al lattosio. Oltre ad essere un alimento ad alto contenuto proteico, la soia contiene diverse sostanze con proprietà funzionali e nutrizionali: acidi grassi, vitamine, peptidi, minerali, flavonoidi, acidi fenolici e saponine. La fermentazione del latte di soia è stata utilizzata da millenni come valida strategia per aumentare la conservabilità della materia prima ma oggi viene sfruttata anche come strategia biotecnologica finalizzata a migliorarne le caratteristiche organolettiche e nutrizionali. L'obiettivo principale delle attività di ricerca svolte durante il triennio del dottorato è stato quello di ottenere prodotti fermentati a base di soia che, oltre a conservare le proprietà nutrizionali della soia, avessero un maggiore valore funzionale rispetto alla materia prima. Nella fase iniziale di screening sono stati esaminati cinque ceppi di Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp. plantarum), isolati da pane d'api. In particolare, sono stati valutati i seguenti parametri: attività antiossidante attività antimicrobica attività β-glucosidasica produzione di acido γ−amminobutirrico (GABA) produzione di sostanze polimeriche extracellulari (EPS) È stata riscontrata un'ampia eterogeneità in relazione alle proprietà esaminate, confermando che queste sono specifiche del ceppo. Pertanto, i risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che un'attenta selezione all'interno di una determinata specie, è di estrema importanza per identificare ceppi appropriati per specifiche applicazioni biotecnologiche. In particolare, è stato osservato che il ceppo Lp. plantarum LP95 era il ceppo con le migliori prestazioni. Date queste premesse, nelle fasi sperimentali successive è stato utilizzato Lp. plantarum LP95 come starter per la produzione di un latte di soia fermentato e per la produzione di tofu fermentato. Il latte di soia è stato fermentato con Lp. plantarum LP95, a 37 °C, senza l'uso di stabilizzanti, addensanti o regolatori di acidità. I risultati ottenuti hanno dimostrato che la fermentazione con Lp. plantarum LP95 migliora alcune proprietà funzionali del latte di soia. In particolare, l'aumento del contenuto di isoflavoni in forma agliconica dopo la fermentazione è il risultato dell'attività della β-glucosidasi nei confronti dei glicosidi isoflavonici. La cinetica di fermentazione di Lp. plantarum LP95 nel substrato del latte di soia ha dimostrato che, dopo 24 ore, questo ceppo è in grado di fermentare rapidamente i monosaccaridi e i disaccaridi naturalmente presenti nel latte di soia, mentre lasciano inalterato il contenuto di galattoligosaccaridi (GOS), che fungono da substrato prebiotico per la colonizzazione di specie batteriche benefiche per la salute dell'intestino. Dopo 21 giorni di maturazione, il tofu conserva un elevato valore nutrizionale e funzionale per il suo contenuto di isoflavoni, amminoacidi e GABA. Inoltre dopo le prime tre settimane, la vitalità dello starter utilizzato nel tofu rimane elevata (circa 106 UFC/g). Sulla base di queste evidenze, Lp. plantarum LP95 può essere considerato una valida coltura starter per ottenere prodotti a base di latte di soia fermentato ad elevato valore nutrizionale e funzionale.
Isolation, characterization and use of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP95 in the production of fermented soybean foods
LETIZIA, FRANCESCO
2024
Abstract
In recent years, alongside conventional screening procedures for the evaluation of probiotics for human use, the pharmaceutical and food industries have stimulated scientific research to implement further selective criteria for the identification of bacteria with particular characteristics to be used as a dietary supplement or as a microbial culture in the production of functional foods. At the same time, in the functional food sector, there is a growing focus on the production of products made from plant sources as an alternative to animal products. Nowadays, lactose intolerance, the need for low-calorie diets and the incidence of hypercholesterolemia, have increased the preference for vegan diets, thus orienting consumers towards the choice of alternatives to cow's milk. Historically, soymilk was the first plant-based milk intended to provide nutrients to the population where cow's milk intake was inadequate and in particular it is a food that is becoming increasingly important in the diet of people allergic to milk proteins and lactose intolerant. In addition to being a high-protein food, soy contains several substances with functional and nutritional properties: fatty acids, vitamins, peptides, minerals, flavonoids, phenolic acids and saponins. The fermentation of soymilk has been used for thousands of years as a valid strategy to increase the shelf life of the raw material, but today it is also exploited as a biotechnological strategy aimed at improving its organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. The main objective of the research activities carried out during the three-year PhD was to obtain fermented soy-based products that, in addition to preserving the nutritional properties of soy, had a greater functional value than the raw material. In the initial screening phase, five strains Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp. plantarum) strains, isolated from bee bread were examined. In particular, the following parameters were evaluated: antioxidant activity antimicrobial activity β-glucosidase activity γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) production Wide heterogeneity was found in relation to the examined properties, confirming that these are strain-specific. Therefore, results suggest that a careful selection within a given species is of utmost importance to identify appropriate strains for specific biotechnological applications. In particular, it was observed that Lp. plantarum LP95 strain was the best performing strain. Given these premises, in the following experimental phases, Lp. plantarum LP95 was used as a starter for the production of a fermented soymilk and for the production of fermented tofu. Soymilk was fermented with Lp. plantarum LP95, at 37 °C, without the use of stabilizers as well thickeners or acidity regulators. The results obtained showed that fermentation by Lp. plantarum LP95 improves some functional properties of soymilk. In particular, the increase in the content of isoflavones in aglycone form after fermentation was the result of β-glucosidase activity against isoflavone glycosides. The fermentation kinetics of Lp. plantarum LP95 in the soymilk substrate showed that, after 24 hours, this strain is able to ferment the monosaccharides and disaccharides naturally present in soymilk, while leaving unchanged the content of galactooligosaccharides (GOS), which act as a prebiotic substrate for the colonization of bacterial species beneficial for gut health. In tofu, after 21 days of maturation, Lp. plantarum LP95 maintains good viability (about 106 CFU/g) and the final product retains a high nutritional and functional value, due to its content of isoflavones, amino acids, and GABA. Based on this evidence, Lp. plantarum LP95 appears to be a promising candidate as a starter culture to obtain fermented soymilk products with high nutritional and functional value.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi_F_Letizia.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
6.82 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
6.82 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/189021
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-189021