In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the consumption of plant-based products, driven by the growing attention to vegetarian or vegan diets. Plant-based products, particularly ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, often undergo minimal thermal treatments, making them more susceptible to contamination by pathogens commonly associated with such food items. The investigation of contaminants present in RTE products has facilitated the identification of optimal bio-preservation strategies through the use of protective cultures and their metabolites, capable of inhibiting pathogen growth. This doctoral thesis focused on the use of dried, non- toasted hazelnuts as a model for the two case studies in the two sections developed. In the first case study, fungal species present in RTE products from different geographical areas and belonging to various cultivars were identified. Species-level characterization served as a fundamental starting point for the subsequent development of protective biotechnologies. The second case study delved into the analysis of Listeria monocytogenes biotypes through a bioinformatic approach, aimed at evaluating the risk of listeriosis associated with biotypes exhibiting greater pathogenicity in ready-to-eat products. Advanced genetic analysis technologies enabled the examination of the complete genome of L. monocytogenes strains, with a focus on the accessory genes expressed by individual strains and their interaction with plant-based foods. The study revealed that the genome of L. monocytogenes is characterized by an open pan-genome, where accessory genes play a kay role in adapting to diverse ecological niches. These findings provided deeper insights into genomic dynamics and the microbiological risks posed by such pathogens in ready-to-eat foods. The second section of the doctoral thesis focused on validating biotechnological strategies to reduce microbiological risks in plant-based RTE products. A total of 200 lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from different matrices were analyzed to assess their safety (antibiotic resistance and biogenic amine production) and technological characteristics (vitamin B12 production, enzymatic profile, and antimicrobial activity). Screening allowed the selection of 10 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains showing the highest antibiotic sensitivity, absence of biogenic amine production, and pronounced antimicrobial activity against several food-spoilage organisms. Based on the results, the study proceeded to identify the most effective post-biotic to incorporate into an edible film. The selected L. plantarum strain stood out for its production of a pool of organic acids capable of inhibiting fungal growth, making it the most suitable candidate for activating an edible carboxymethylcellulose-based film. These findings demonstrate how a biotechnological approach can serve as an effective solution for managing the risks associated with pathogens and contaminants in plant-based ready-to-eat products.
Gli ultimi anni sono stati caratterizzati da un incremento significativo nel consumo di prodotti a base vegetale, favorito anche dalla crescente attenzione verso diete vegetariane o vegane. I prodotti vegetali, in particolare quelli ready to eat (RTE), sono sottoposti a trattamenti termici ridotti rendendoli più vulnerabili a contaminazioni da parte di agenti patogeni frequentemente associati a tali alimenti. L’indagine dei contaminanti presenti nei prodotti RTE ha consentito di individuare strategie ottimali di bio-preservazione, mediante l’utilizzo di colture protettive e dei relativi metaboliti, capaci di contrastarne la crescita. Questa tesi di dottorato si è focalizzata sull’uso di nocciole essiccate e non tostate come modello per i due casi studio presenti nelle due sezioni sviluppati. Nel primo caso studio, è stata condotta l’identificazione delle specie fungine presenti in prodotti RTE provenienti da diverse aree geografiche e appartenenti a cultivar differenti. La descrizione a livello di specie ha costituito un punto di partenza fondamentale per l’individuazione successiva di biotecnologie protettive.Il secondo caso studio ha approfondito l'analisi dei biotipi di Listeria monocytogenes mediante un approccio bioinformatico, finalizzato alla valutazione del rischio di listeriosi associato alla presenza di biotipi con maggiore affinità per la patogenicità nei prodotti alimentari pronti al consumo. Le tecnologie avanzate di analisi genetica hanno permesso di esaminare il genoma completo dei ceppi di L. monocytogenes, con un focus sui geni accessori espressi dai singoli ceppi e sulla loro interazione con alimenti a base vegetale. Lo studio ha evidenziato che il genoma di L. monocytogenes è caratterizzato da un pan-genoma aperto, in cui i geni accessori giocano un ruolo cruciale nell’adattamento a diverse nicchie ecologiche. Questi risultati hanno fornito una comprensione più approfondita delle dinamiche genomiche e del rischio microbiologico associato a tali patogeni nei prodotti pronti al consumo. La seconda sezione della tesi di dottorato ha riguardato la validazione di strategie biotecnologiche per ridurre il rischio microbiologico nei prodotti ready to eat a base vegetale. Sono stati analizzati 200 ceppi di batteri lattici isolati da matrici differenti per valutarne gli aspetti di sicurezza (resistenza agli antibiotici e produzione di ammine biogene) e tecnologici (produzione di vitamina B12, profilo enzimatico e attività antimicrobica). Lo screening ha permesso di selezionare 10 ceppi di Lactiplantibacillus plantarum con la maggiore sensibilità agli antibiotici, l’assenza di ammine biogene prodotte e una marcata attività antimicrobica contro numerosi agenti alteranti degli alimenti. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, si è proceduto selezionando il post-biotic più performante da incorporare in un film edibile. Il ceppo di L. plantarum scelto si è distinto per la produzione di un pool di acidi organici in grado di contrastare lo sviluppo fungino, risultando il più idoneo per l’attivazione di un film edibile a base di carbossimetilcellulosa. Questi risultati dimostrano come un approccio biotecnologico possa rappresentare una soluzione efficace per la gestione dei rischi di patogeni e contaminanti nei prodotti ready to eat a base vegetale.
Biotechnological strategies to enhance the quality of plant based ready-to-eat food
MERCURIO, IDA
2024
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the consumption of plant-based products, driven by the growing attention to vegetarian or vegan diets. Plant-based products, particularly ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, often undergo minimal thermal treatments, making them more susceptible to contamination by pathogens commonly associated with such food items. The investigation of contaminants present in RTE products has facilitated the identification of optimal bio-preservation strategies through the use of protective cultures and their metabolites, capable of inhibiting pathogen growth. This doctoral thesis focused on the use of dried, non- toasted hazelnuts as a model for the two case studies in the two sections developed. In the first case study, fungal species present in RTE products from different geographical areas and belonging to various cultivars were identified. Species-level characterization served as a fundamental starting point for the subsequent development of protective biotechnologies. The second case study delved into the analysis of Listeria monocytogenes biotypes through a bioinformatic approach, aimed at evaluating the risk of listeriosis associated with biotypes exhibiting greater pathogenicity in ready-to-eat products. Advanced genetic analysis technologies enabled the examination of the complete genome of L. monocytogenes strains, with a focus on the accessory genes expressed by individual strains and their interaction with plant-based foods. The study revealed that the genome of L. monocytogenes is characterized by an open pan-genome, where accessory genes play a kay role in adapting to diverse ecological niches. These findings provided deeper insights into genomic dynamics and the microbiological risks posed by such pathogens in ready-to-eat foods. The second section of the doctoral thesis focused on validating biotechnological strategies to reduce microbiological risks in plant-based RTE products. A total of 200 lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from different matrices were analyzed to assess their safety (antibiotic resistance and biogenic amine production) and technological characteristics (vitamin B12 production, enzymatic profile, and antimicrobial activity). Screening allowed the selection of 10 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains showing the highest antibiotic sensitivity, absence of biogenic amine production, and pronounced antimicrobial activity against several food-spoilage organisms. Based on the results, the study proceeded to identify the most effective post-biotic to incorporate into an edible film. The selected L. plantarum strain stood out for its production of a pool of organic acids capable of inhibiting fungal growth, making it the most suitable candidate for activating an edible carboxymethylcellulose-based film. These findings demonstrate how a biotechnological approach can serve as an effective solution for managing the risks associated with pathogens and contaminants in plant-based ready-to-eat products.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/189022
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-189022