Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) are part of the tumor microenvironment and contribute to the establishment of neoplastic tolerance, promoting tumor development and progression by dampening antitumor immune responses. Metronomic chemotherapy (MC) is defined as the oral administration of low doses of chemotherapy on a continuous schedule of treatment, without extended drug-free breaks. MC has been shown to be a multitarget therapy and to act not only on neovascularization, cancer stem cells and tumor quiescence but also being able to interact with the patient’s immune response to cancer, reversing the state of immune tolerance by selectively depleting the number of Tregs and impairing their functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of MC consisting of daily administration of cyclophosphamide, meloxicam and thalidomide, on the absolute number of circulating Tregs in a population of patients with different cancer diseases, over the medium/long term. It was hypothesized that during metronomic chemotherapy, the absolute number of circulating Tregs would progressively decrease; furthermore, good tolerability with few adverse effects was expected. This prospective study included 29 canine cancer patients. To determine circulating Tregs we performed a complete blood count (CBC) and a cytofluorimetric examination of the lymphocytes. A blood sample was collected before and 15, 30, 90 and 180 days after the start of metronomic treatment (cyclophosphamide at 12,5 mg/m2, meloxicam at 0,1 mg/kg and thalidomide at 3-6 mg/kg). The percentage of circulating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs obtained by cytofluorimetry was then related to the absolute number of circulating lymphocytes to obtain the absolute number of circulating Tregs of each sample. We found that the duration of MC administration has a statistically significant influence on the reduction of circulating Tregs absolute number, but not on the circulating Tregs percentage. Furthermore, in our cohort, tumor type or previous surgery did not seem to have any effect on the circulating Tregs absolute number. Our patients did not develop any moderate or severe adverse effects, and long-term treatment was well tolerated. This is the first time that the effect of the metronomic combination of cyclophosphamide, meloxicam, and thalidomide on circulating Tregs is evaluated in a canine population with cancer, showing a reduction in their absolute number over time. This is an interesting result that should motivate to gather more knowledge about the interactions between immune system and different tumor types, in order to be able to use MC in a more targeted way. Furthermore, flow cytometry is a readily available tool that could be of great value in daily clinical practice to analyze the pattern of circulating Tregs during MC to detect early tumor progression.
Le cellule T regolatorie immunosoppressive (Tregs) fanno parte del microambiente tumorale e contribuiscono all’instaurarsi della tolleranza neoplastica, promuovendo lo sviluppo e la progressione del tumore riducendo le risposte immunitarie antitumorali. La chemioterapia metronomica (MC) è definita come la somministrazione continuativa per via orale di farmaci chemioterapici a bassi dosaggi. La MC ha dimostrato di essere una terapia multitarget e di agire non solo sulla neo-vascolarizzazione, sulle cellule staminali tumorali e sulla quiescenza tumorale, ma anche sulla risposta immunitaria del paziente nei confronti del cancro, invertendo lo stato di tolleranza immunitaria attraverso la deplezione selettiva del numero di Tregs e la compromissione delle loro funzioni. L’obiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di valutare, nel medio-lungo termine, gli effetti della chemioterapia metronomica sul numero assoluto dei Tregs circolanti in una popolazione di pazienti affetti da diversi istotipi tumorali. Si ipotizzava che durante la chemioterapia metronomica il numero assoluto di Tregs circolanti sarebbe progressivamente diminuito; inoltre, ci si aspettava una buona tollerabilità con pochi effetti avversi. Questo studio prospettico ha incluso 29 cani neoplastici. Per determinare i Tregs circolanti sono stati eseguiti un esame emocromocitometrico e un esame citofluorimetrico. Un campione di sangue è stato raccolto prima e 15, 30, 90 e 180 giorni dopo l’inizio del trattamento metronomico (ciclofosfamide a 12,5 mg/m2, meloxicam a 0,1 mg/kg e talidomide a 3-6 mg/kg). Per ciascun campione, la percentuale di Tregs CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ circolanti ottenuta mediante citofluorimetria è stata poi rapportata al numero assoluto di linfociti, ottenuto tramite l’esame emocromocitometrico, per ottenere il numero assoluto di Tregs circolanti. Abbiamo scoperto che la durata della somministrazione di MC ha un’influenza statisticamente significativa sulla riduzione del numero assoluto di Tregs circolanti. Inoltre, nella nostra popolazione, la tipologia tumorale o la precedente chirurgia non sembrano avere alcun effetto sul numero assoluto di Tregs circolanti. Il trattamento a lungo termine è stato ben tollerato e non ci sono state evidenze di effetti avversi di grado moderato o grave. È la prima volta che viene valutato l’effetto della combinazione metronomica di ciclofosfamide, meloxicam e talidomide sui Tregs circolanti in una popolazione canina affetta da diversi istotipi tumorali, dimostrando una riduzione del loro numero assoluto nel tempo. Si tratta di un risultato interessante che dovrebbe motivare ad implementare le nostre conoscenze sulle interazioni tra sistema immunitario e istotipi tumorali, per poter utilizzare la MC in modo più mirato. La citofluorimetria e l’emocromo sono strumenti accessibili per le indagini di routine anche in ambito veterinario e potrebbero essere di grande utilità nella pratica clinica quotidiana per analizzare l’andamento dei Tregs circolanti durante la chemioterapia metronomica e rilevare la progressione precoce del tumore.
Effetto della chemioterapia metronomica sul sistema immunitario e sulla prognosi di cani affetti da neoplasia
Kevin Pascal, Spindler
2024
Abstract
Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) are part of the tumor microenvironment and contribute to the establishment of neoplastic tolerance, promoting tumor development and progression by dampening antitumor immune responses. Metronomic chemotherapy (MC) is defined as the oral administration of low doses of chemotherapy on a continuous schedule of treatment, without extended drug-free breaks. MC has been shown to be a multitarget therapy and to act not only on neovascularization, cancer stem cells and tumor quiescence but also being able to interact with the patient’s immune response to cancer, reversing the state of immune tolerance by selectively depleting the number of Tregs and impairing their functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of MC consisting of daily administration of cyclophosphamide, meloxicam and thalidomide, on the absolute number of circulating Tregs in a population of patients with different cancer diseases, over the medium/long term. It was hypothesized that during metronomic chemotherapy, the absolute number of circulating Tregs would progressively decrease; furthermore, good tolerability with few adverse effects was expected. This prospective study included 29 canine cancer patients. To determine circulating Tregs we performed a complete blood count (CBC) and a cytofluorimetric examination of the lymphocytes. A blood sample was collected before and 15, 30, 90 and 180 days after the start of metronomic treatment (cyclophosphamide at 12,5 mg/m2, meloxicam at 0,1 mg/kg and thalidomide at 3-6 mg/kg). The percentage of circulating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs obtained by cytofluorimetry was then related to the absolute number of circulating lymphocytes to obtain the absolute number of circulating Tregs of each sample. We found that the duration of MC administration has a statistically significant influence on the reduction of circulating Tregs absolute number, but not on the circulating Tregs percentage. Furthermore, in our cohort, tumor type or previous surgery did not seem to have any effect on the circulating Tregs absolute number. Our patients did not develop any moderate or severe adverse effects, and long-term treatment was well tolerated. This is the first time that the effect of the metronomic combination of cyclophosphamide, meloxicam, and thalidomide on circulating Tregs is evaluated in a canine population with cancer, showing a reduction in their absolute number over time. This is an interesting result that should motivate to gather more knowledge about the interactions between immune system and different tumor types, in order to be able to use MC in a more targeted way. Furthermore, flow cytometry is a readily available tool that could be of great value in daily clinical practice to analyze the pattern of circulating Tregs during MC to detect early tumor progression.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/192922
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-192922