Since its early configurations human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation has undergone constant transformations, evolving into an increasingly complex and diverse phenomenon. Due to its illegal nature, in fact, it is a phenomenon that is forced to continuously shift in order to survive and that, at the same time, has in recent years been traversed by an event of a pandemic nature that has inevitably undermined its modes of operation. Likewise, the changes that have occurred in migration flows, and especially in a framework of “humanitarian migrations”, have contributed to change the subjects involved, their degree of involvement, their capacity to negotiate within the exploitative relationship, and the modes of offering sexual services, including an increasingly sharp shift towards the indoor and ICT-mediated markets. Within this new landscape, anti-trafficking organizations have had to change their long-established practices and are now trying to adapt to this new reality. Through the adoption of a constructivist and intersectional view on intercultural and gender relations and the use of qualitative methodologies, this research intends to focus on and deepen our understanding of the main transformations that trafficking underwent in light of the structural changes that have taken place in the sex markets, as well as on some of its more under-researched aspects such as the exploitation of trans* women and young men. In doing so, it will explore how anti-trafficking organizations have been trying to adapt their practices to the changed trafficking landscape and how how Article 18 of the Consolidated Law on Immigration has lost its prominence as the primary tool for the protection of trafficking victims. Finally, the thesis will provide some reflections on how Article 18 and the social protection programs connected to it can be revised to make them once again attractive and advantageous for all trafficking victims.
Rispetto alle sue prime configurazioni, la tratta a scopo di sfruttamento sessuale ha subito continue trasformazioni, evolvendo in un fenomeno sempre più complesso e diversificato. A causa della sua natura illegale, infatti, è un fenomeno costretto a mutare continuamente per sopravvivere e che, al contempo, negli ultimi anni è stato attraversato da un evento di natura pandemica che ne ha inevitabilmente minato le modalità operative. Allo stesso modo, i cambiamenti avvenuti nei flussi migratori, e soprattutto all'interno del quadro delle “migrazioni umanitarie”, hanno contribuito a modificare i soggetti che nella tratta sono coinvolti, il loro grado di coinvolgimento, la loro capacità di negoziare all’interno del rapporto di sfruttamento e le modalità di offerta dei servizi sessuali, compreso uno spostamento sempre più marcato verso i mercati indoor e mediati dalle nuove tecnologie. In questo nuovo scenario, le associazioni anti-tratta hanno dovuto modificare le loro pratiche consolidate e stanno ora cercando di adattarsi alla nuova realtà che le circonda. Attraverso l’adozione di una visione costruttivista e intersezionale sulle relazioni interculturali e di genere, e l’utilizzo di metodologie qualitative, questa ricerca intende approfondire la nostra conoscenze delle principali trasformazioni che la tratta ha subito alla luce dei cambiamenti strutturali avvenuti nei mercati del sesso, nonché alcuni dei suoi aspetti meno studiati come lo sfruttamento sessuale delle donne trans* e degli uomini. Allo stesso tempo, la ricerca esplorerà come le organizzazioni anti-tratta hanno cercato di adattare le loro pratiche al mutato scenario della tratta, e come l’Articolo 18 del Testo Unico sull’Immigrazione abbia perso il suo primato come strumento chiave per la protezione delle vittime della tratta. Infine, la tesi fornirà alcune riflessioni su come l’Articolo 18 e i programmi di protezione sociale ad esso collegati possano essere riformati per renderli nuovamente attraenti e vantaggiosi per tutte le vittime della tratta.
Reframing Trafficking: Recent Transformations, Existing Invisibilities, and the Exploitation of Migrants in the Italian Sex Markets
BUONAGUIDI, ALICE
2025
Abstract
Since its early configurations human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation has undergone constant transformations, evolving into an increasingly complex and diverse phenomenon. Due to its illegal nature, in fact, it is a phenomenon that is forced to continuously shift in order to survive and that, at the same time, has in recent years been traversed by an event of a pandemic nature that has inevitably undermined its modes of operation. Likewise, the changes that have occurred in migration flows, and especially in a framework of “humanitarian migrations”, have contributed to change the subjects involved, their degree of involvement, their capacity to negotiate within the exploitative relationship, and the modes of offering sexual services, including an increasingly sharp shift towards the indoor and ICT-mediated markets. Within this new landscape, anti-trafficking organizations have had to change their long-established practices and are now trying to adapt to this new reality. Through the adoption of a constructivist and intersectional view on intercultural and gender relations and the use of qualitative methodologies, this research intends to focus on and deepen our understanding of the main transformations that trafficking underwent in light of the structural changes that have taken place in the sex markets, as well as on some of its more under-researched aspects such as the exploitation of trans* women and young men. In doing so, it will explore how anti-trafficking organizations have been trying to adapt their practices to the changed trafficking landscape and how how Article 18 of the Consolidated Law on Immigration has lost its prominence as the primary tool for the protection of trafficking victims. Finally, the thesis will provide some reflections on how Article 18 and the social protection programs connected to it can be revised to make them once again attractive and advantageous for all trafficking victims.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193022
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-193022