Introduction. Functional Motor Disorders (FMD) are characterized by neurological symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function that cannot be explained by typical neurological diseases or other medical conditions (DSM-5, APA, 2013). Despite their significant prevalence and impact on public health systems, their pathophysiology remains poorly understood, complicating diagnosis and treatment. A prominent theory (Hallett et al., 2022) centers on a disrupted Sense of Agency (i.e., the feeling that we are the agents of our own movements): in a predictive coding framework, it was proposed that FMD may result from a mismatch between predicted motor signals and sensory feedback, with patients potentially relying more heavily on prior expectations influenced by emotional states and attention, leading to a misperception of their movements as involuntary. Aims. This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of FMD pathophysiology by investigating four key areas: body representation, decision-making, psychological features (specifically personality traits and Adult Attachment States of Mind), and neurobiology. Methods. First, the investigation of body representation involved assessing the Body Schema (i.e., the implicit sensorimotor representation involved in movement preparation and execution), Sense of Ownership, and Sense of Agency in a group of patients with FMD, a group of healthy controls (HC), and a second control group of patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) to assess whether body representation alterations were specific to FMD (Chapter 2 and 3). Second, decision-making abilities were tested using the Iowa Gambling Task (Chapter 4). Third, the psychological dimension was explored by analyzing Attachment States of Mind through the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), focusing on the incidence of unresolved trauma and adverse life events, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) (Chapter 5 and 6) Finally, a neurobiological study measured peripheral biomarkers, including glutamate, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and dopamine, contributing to the ongoing search for a biomarker of FMD (Chapter 7). Results. First, FMD patients exhibited an altered Body Schema at rest; this disruption was specific to FMD, as IBS patients showed no similar changes, and persisted even when FMD patients experienced a bodily illusion through the Mirror Box paradigm, suggesting that Agency disruption in FMD occurs primarily at an implicit level. Second, FMD patients performed worse than HC on the Iowa Gambling Task, supporting previous evidence indicating a decision-making bias in FMD. Third, the majority of FMD patients showed an Insecure-Dismissive State of Mind (a specific Adult Attachment configuration), with a significantly higher incidence of unresolved trauma, particularly related to neglect, compared to HC. MMPI-2 results showed that FMD patients were prone to somatic preoccupation, cognitive rigidity, and heightened threat perception. Finally, FMD patients presented lower circulating levels of glutamate, dopamine, and BDNF compared to HC, supporting the hypothesis of a glutamatergic dysfunction in FMD. Conclusions. My findings align with the model proposed by Hallett et al., (2022), underscoring the importance of altered Body Representation and implicit Sense of Agency in FMD. Disruptions in emotion regulation, as indicated by Attachment States of Mind and personality traits, appear to contribute significantly to the disorder. Neurobiologically, the observed glutamatergic alterations may serve as potential biomarkers for FMD, although further research is needed. This thesis reinforces the need for an integrative approach to understanding FMD, bridging psychological and neurobiological domains, and suggests that future research should focus on the interplay between emotion regulation and motor symptomatology to develop more effective treatment strategies.
Introduzione. I Disturbi Funzionali del Movimento (FMD) sono caratterizzati da sintomi motori neurologici non spiegati da tipiche condizioni mediche (DSM-5, APA, 2013). Nonostante la loro prevalenza e impatto sul sistema sanitario, la loro fisiopatologia rimane poco conosciuta, complicando diagnosi e trattamento. Una delle principali teorie (Hallett et al., 2022), muovendosi in un modello neurologico-cognitivo noto come “Predictive Coding”, prevede che i sintomi motori funzionali possano derivare da una discrepanza tra l’aspettativa su come il corpo dovrebbe essere posizionato durante e al termine del movimento e i feedback sensoriali effettivi. I pazienti con FMD potrebbero fare maggiore affidamento su queste aspettative, influenzate da stati attentivi ed emotivi; questo li porterebbe a percepire erroneamente i loro movimenti come involontari. Obiettivi. Questa tesi mira a investigare la fisiopatologia degli FMD in quattro specifiche aree: rappresentazione corporea, processi decisionali, determinate caratteristiche psicologiche quali tratti di personalità e Rappresentazioni di Attaccamento Adulto, e aspetti neurobiologici. Metodi. La rappresentazione corporea è stata studiata valutando lo Schema Corporeo, il Senso di Ownership e di Agency in un gruppo di pazienti con FMD, un gruppo di soggetti di controllo sani (Healthy Controls, HC) e un gruppo di pazienti con Sindrome dell'Intestino Irritabile (Irritable Bowel Syndrome, IBS) per verificare se eventuali alterazioni della rappresentazione corporea fossero specifiche degli FMD (Capitoli 2 e 3). Le capacità decisionali sono state valutate tramite l’Iowa Gambling Task (Capitolo 4), le Rappresentazioni di Attaccamento Adulto attraverso l'Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), con particolare attenzione all'incidenza di traumi irrisolti e eventi avversi infantili, e i tratti di personalità attraverso il Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) (Capitoli 5 e 6). Infine, nel contesto della ricerca di un biomarcatore per gli FMD, sono stati misurati i livelli di specifici biomarkers nel sangue periferico di pazienti con FMD, come glutammato, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), e dopamina (Capitolo 7). Risultati. In termini di rappresentazione corporea, i pazienti con FMD hanno mostrato, a riposo, un’alterazione dello Schema Corporeo; questa alterazione è risultata specifica per i pazienti con FMD, e persisteva anche quando i pazienti con FMD cadevano nell’illusione corporea indotta dalla Mirror Box, suggerendo che l’alterazione del Senso di Agency si verifichi prevalentemente ad un livello implicito. Per quanto riguarda il decision-making, i pazienti con FMD hanno ottenuto risultati inferiori degli HC nell'Iowa Gambling Task. Dal punto di vista psicopatologico, la maggior parte dei pazienti con FMD ha mostrato una Rappresentazione di Attaccamento di tipo Insicuro-Evitante e un’incidenza significativamente più alta di traumi irrisolti, in particolare legati alla negligenza parentale. I risultati del MMPI-2 hanno evidenziato che i pazienti con FMD sono inclini alla preoccupazione somatica, alla rigidità cognitiva e alla percezione amplificata delle minacce. Infine, a livello neurobiologico, i pazienti con FMD hanno mostrato livelli più bassi di glutammato, dopamina e BDNF nel sangue periferico rispetto agli HC. Conclusioni. I risultati supportano il modello di Hallett et al., (2022): si sottolineano le alterazioni nello Schema Corporeo e Senso di Agency a livello implicito, le difficoltà nella regolazione delle emozioni (indicate dalle Rappresentazioni di Attaccamento e dai tratti di personalità), e la disfunzione del sistema glutammatergico a livello periferico. Questa tesi rafforza la necessità di un approccio integrato tra neurobiologia e psicopatologia per la comprensione degli FMD; lo studio dell'interazione tra regolazione emotiva e sintomatologia motoria risulta centrale per sviluppare strategie terapeutiche efficaci.
A multimodal neurobiological and psychological approach to explore the pathophysiology of Functional Motor Disorders
NISTICO', VERONICA
2025
Abstract
Introduction. Functional Motor Disorders (FMD) are characterized by neurological symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function that cannot be explained by typical neurological diseases or other medical conditions (DSM-5, APA, 2013). Despite their significant prevalence and impact on public health systems, their pathophysiology remains poorly understood, complicating diagnosis and treatment. A prominent theory (Hallett et al., 2022) centers on a disrupted Sense of Agency (i.e., the feeling that we are the agents of our own movements): in a predictive coding framework, it was proposed that FMD may result from a mismatch between predicted motor signals and sensory feedback, with patients potentially relying more heavily on prior expectations influenced by emotional states and attention, leading to a misperception of their movements as involuntary. Aims. This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of FMD pathophysiology by investigating four key areas: body representation, decision-making, psychological features (specifically personality traits and Adult Attachment States of Mind), and neurobiology. Methods. First, the investigation of body representation involved assessing the Body Schema (i.e., the implicit sensorimotor representation involved in movement preparation and execution), Sense of Ownership, and Sense of Agency in a group of patients with FMD, a group of healthy controls (HC), and a second control group of patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) to assess whether body representation alterations were specific to FMD (Chapter 2 and 3). Second, decision-making abilities were tested using the Iowa Gambling Task (Chapter 4). Third, the psychological dimension was explored by analyzing Attachment States of Mind through the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), focusing on the incidence of unresolved trauma and adverse life events, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) (Chapter 5 and 6) Finally, a neurobiological study measured peripheral biomarkers, including glutamate, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and dopamine, contributing to the ongoing search for a biomarker of FMD (Chapter 7). Results. First, FMD patients exhibited an altered Body Schema at rest; this disruption was specific to FMD, as IBS patients showed no similar changes, and persisted even when FMD patients experienced a bodily illusion through the Mirror Box paradigm, suggesting that Agency disruption in FMD occurs primarily at an implicit level. Second, FMD patients performed worse than HC on the Iowa Gambling Task, supporting previous evidence indicating a decision-making bias in FMD. Third, the majority of FMD patients showed an Insecure-Dismissive State of Mind (a specific Adult Attachment configuration), with a significantly higher incidence of unresolved trauma, particularly related to neglect, compared to HC. MMPI-2 results showed that FMD patients were prone to somatic preoccupation, cognitive rigidity, and heightened threat perception. Finally, FMD patients presented lower circulating levels of glutamate, dopamine, and BDNF compared to HC, supporting the hypothesis of a glutamatergic dysfunction in FMD. Conclusions. My findings align with the model proposed by Hallett et al., (2022), underscoring the importance of altered Body Representation and implicit Sense of Agency in FMD. Disruptions in emotion regulation, as indicated by Attachment States of Mind and personality traits, appear to contribute significantly to the disorder. Neurobiologically, the observed glutamatergic alterations may serve as potential biomarkers for FMD, although further research is needed. This thesis reinforces the need for an integrative approach to understanding FMD, bridging psychological and neurobiological domains, and suggests that future research should focus on the interplay between emotion regulation and motor symptomatology to develop more effective treatment strategies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193023
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-193023