This dissertation provides insights into Social Europe’s "ground floor" by examining the street-level implementation of Italy’s active labour market reform introduced within the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) framework. At the basis of this work is the premise that understanding how supranationally driven reforms like those of the RRF unfold on the ground is crucial. The core proposal of the study is to bring together street-level literature with that on European social governance, analytically connecting the discretionary patterns emerging from the everyday work of welfare organisations to the broader dynamics and mechanisms within European institutional settings. The theoretical and conceptual toolkit supporting this approach is rooted in institutionalist perspectives: historical institutionalism is essential for understanding the macro level, spanning interactions between European and national institutions and within policy and institutional fields. This is complemented by neo-institutional literature focused on organisations and action fields, which helps to explain how macro-level dynamics manifest at the meso level and how organisational actors respond. These institutional lenses enable the study to interpret individual actions – the primary focus of this research – within clear institutional and organisational frameworks. This approach was applied in a comparative analysis of the implementation of the Guaranteed Employability of Workers (Garanzia di Occupabilità dei Lavoratori, GOL) reform across three Italian public employment offices located in different regional contexts: Liguria, Lombardy, and Emilia Romagna. The selected settings capture diverse socio-economic and institutional profiles in Northern Italy. This choice allows for variation in terms of the social demand and the regional context shaping the governance structures surrounding these public employment offices. Following the analytical framework, the research design involved three main stages. The first stage focused on understanding the institutional context through a macro-level analysis of laws, guidelines, and procedures. The second stage centred on collecting empirical material on the reform implementation at the organisational level: interviews and backtalks, as well as documentary analysis, allowed the depiction of organisational characteristics as well as the collection of perspectives of public employment office staff on the organisation of the reform and the relationship with other organisational bodies. The third stage involved organisational ethnographies, conducted over six months of fieldwork, including participant observation and shadowing with operators in the public employment offices. The chapters of the dissertation delve into these empirical levels, uncovering (1) macro-level governance dynamics and institutional changes in European policy, (2) discretionary patterns in the execution of policy tasks during staff-user interactions, some of which are consistent across settings, while others vary significantly, and (3) isomorphic processes in organisational formal components yet varied empirical types of adaptation of reform mandates across the three organisational contexts. These three levels of empirical findings interact within macro-meso-micro mechanisms, aiming to explain the dilemmas, decisions, and actions of street-level bureaucrats in light of the macro-institutional settings and local implementation processes and experiences. By connecting discretionary patterns to European governance dynamics, this study originally contributes to the literature on street-level, particularly within the stream investigating how street-level variables are influenced, directly or indirectly, by macro and meso factors.
Questa tesi esplora il "piano terra" dell'Europa sociale, esaminando l'implementazione street-level della riforma delle politiche attive del lavoro in Italia, introdotta nell'ambito del Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF). Alla base di questo lavoro vi è il presupposto che sia cruciale comprendere come le riforme promosse a livello sovranazionale, come quelle del RRF, si concretizzino sul territorio. La proposta centrale dello studio è combinare la letteratura sullo street-level con quella sulla governance sociale europea, connettendo analiticamente i modelli di discrezionalità emergenti dal lavoro quotidiano delle organizzazioni di welfare alle dinamiche e ai meccanismi più ampi del contesto istituzionale europeo. Gli strumenti teorici e concettuali a supporto di questo approccio si basano su prospettive istituzionaliste: l'istituzionalismo storico è essenziale per comprendere il livello macro, in cui sono inserite le interazioni tra livello europeo e nazionale e le trasformazioni istituzionali e di policy. Questo viene integrato dalla letteratura neo-istituzionalista focalizzata su organizzazioni e campi di azione, che aiuta a spiegare come le dinamiche a livello macro si traducono a livello meso e come gli attori organizzativi vi rispondono. Questi strumenti teorici consentono di interpretare le azioni individuali – il principale focus di questa ricerca – all'interno di chiari quadri istituzionali e organizzativi. Tale approccio è stato applicato in un’analisi comparativa dell’implementazione della riforma GOL (Garanzia di Occupabilità dei Lavoratori) in tre centri per l’impiego italiani situati in differenti contesti regionali: Liguria, Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna. I contesti selezionati riflettono diversi profili socio-economici e istituzionali del Nord Italia, consentendo di osservare la variabilità della domanda sociale e del modello regionale. A partire dal quadro analitico, l’analisi empirica ha seguito tre fasi principali. La prima si è concentrata sulla comprensione del contesto istituzionale attraverso l’analisi a livello macro di leggi, linee guida e procedure. La seconda fase ha visto la raccolta di materiale empirico sull’implementazione della riforma a livello organizzativo attraverso interviste, confronti e analisi documentale che hanno permesso di descrivere le caratteristiche organizzative e raccogliere la prospettiva del personale manageriale dei centri per l'impiego sull’organizzazione della riforma e sulla relazione tra gli enti coinvolti. La terza fase, infine, si è concentrata sulle etnografie organizzative, attraverso un lavoro di campo di circa sei mesi comprendente strumenti quali l’osservazione partecipante e lo “shadowing” degli operatori nei centri per l'impiego. I capitoli della tesi esplorano pertanto questi livelli empirici, evidenziando (1) le dinamiche di multilevel governance, i cambiamenti istituzionali e di policy, (2) i modelli di discrezionalità nell'esecuzione dei tasks di GOL durante le interazioni tra operatori e utenti, alcuni dei quali sono trasversali ai contesti, mentre altri variano significativamente, e (3) processi isomorfici nelle componenti formali delle organizzazioni ma tipi empirici variabili di adattamento della riforma nei tre contesti. Questi tre livelli di risultati empirici interagiscono attraverso meccanismi macro-meso-micro, volti a spiegare i dilemmi, le decisioni e le azioni dei burocrati street-level alla luce dei contesti macro-istituzionali e dei processi ed esperienze di implementazione locale. Connettendo i modelli di discrezionalità alle dinamiche della governance europea, questo studio contribuisce in modo originale alla letteratura sull’implementazione, in particolare nel filone che indaga come le variabili street-level siano influenzate, direttamente o indirettamente, dai fattori macro e meso.
At Social Europe’s Ground Floor. The Street-Level Implementation of the Active Labour Reform in Three Italian Settings
RIO, ANNA
2025
Abstract
This dissertation provides insights into Social Europe’s "ground floor" by examining the street-level implementation of Italy’s active labour market reform introduced within the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) framework. At the basis of this work is the premise that understanding how supranationally driven reforms like those of the RRF unfold on the ground is crucial. The core proposal of the study is to bring together street-level literature with that on European social governance, analytically connecting the discretionary patterns emerging from the everyday work of welfare organisations to the broader dynamics and mechanisms within European institutional settings. The theoretical and conceptual toolkit supporting this approach is rooted in institutionalist perspectives: historical institutionalism is essential for understanding the macro level, spanning interactions between European and national institutions and within policy and institutional fields. This is complemented by neo-institutional literature focused on organisations and action fields, which helps to explain how macro-level dynamics manifest at the meso level and how organisational actors respond. These institutional lenses enable the study to interpret individual actions – the primary focus of this research – within clear institutional and organisational frameworks. This approach was applied in a comparative analysis of the implementation of the Guaranteed Employability of Workers (Garanzia di Occupabilità dei Lavoratori, GOL) reform across three Italian public employment offices located in different regional contexts: Liguria, Lombardy, and Emilia Romagna. The selected settings capture diverse socio-economic and institutional profiles in Northern Italy. This choice allows for variation in terms of the social demand and the regional context shaping the governance structures surrounding these public employment offices. Following the analytical framework, the research design involved three main stages. The first stage focused on understanding the institutional context through a macro-level analysis of laws, guidelines, and procedures. The second stage centred on collecting empirical material on the reform implementation at the organisational level: interviews and backtalks, as well as documentary analysis, allowed the depiction of organisational characteristics as well as the collection of perspectives of public employment office staff on the organisation of the reform and the relationship with other organisational bodies. The third stage involved organisational ethnographies, conducted over six months of fieldwork, including participant observation and shadowing with operators in the public employment offices. The chapters of the dissertation delve into these empirical levels, uncovering (1) macro-level governance dynamics and institutional changes in European policy, (2) discretionary patterns in the execution of policy tasks during staff-user interactions, some of which are consistent across settings, while others vary significantly, and (3) isomorphic processes in organisational formal components yet varied empirical types of adaptation of reform mandates across the three organisational contexts. These three levels of empirical findings interact within macro-meso-micro mechanisms, aiming to explain the dilemmas, decisions, and actions of street-level bureaucrats in light of the macro-institutional settings and local implementation processes and experiences. By connecting discretionary patterns to European governance dynamics, this study originally contributes to the literature on street-level, particularly within the stream investigating how street-level variables are influenced, directly or indirectly, by macro and meso factors.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193040
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-193040