This work is focused on the analysis of the phenomena induced by the use of different substrates on organic molecular thin films. Part of the work is focused on the study of the influence of both potassium acid phthalate (KAP) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) on the growth of Nickel-tetraphenylporphyrin (NiTPP) thin films, deposited via Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy (OMBE). Most of the characterization was carried out by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), which allows to measure and monitor the morphology of such films ex-situ. HOPG was chosen for its atomically flat surface, which allowed to study the remarkable post-growth evolution observed during the monitoring in air. Such phenomena, attributed to a quasi-Ostwald ripening, was thoroughly analysed and finally modelled by means of the height-height correlation function (HHCF). A set of characteristics exponents describing the growth and post-growth phenomena were extracted, confirming the assessment of the HHCF analysis to organic thin films subjected to such post-growth phenomena. Additionally, the use of HOPG with varying degrees of mosaicity was studied. This analysis revealed that the presence of more graphene-like layers on the surface, resulting from the exfoliation process, enhances the stability of the films. The increased surface potential heterogeneity from these layers helps to delay post-growth phenomena. In contrast to crystalline films grown on HOPG, where the films do not display any particular orientation on the surface, films grown on KAP exhibit a distinct orientation. This suggests the presence of specific epitaxial relationships between the film and the underlying organic single-crystal substrate. Furthermore, when studying NiTPP thin films deposited on KAP, special attention was given to the optimization of growth parameters and to the effect of various post-growth protocols, such as extended vacuum storage and annealing treatments. Results indicate that, without post-growth protocols, the films are highly unstable in air, showing significant "venting-induced" post-growth phenomena. Such post-growth effects are minimized when the films undergo extended vacuum storage combined with annealing. This approach results in the formation of crystalline oriented films with greatly enhanced stability in ambient conditions. Then, the influence of two-dimensional (2D) substrates on the properties of organic films was investigated through the fabrication and characterization of hybrid heterostructures (HHs) composed of Rubrene (Rub) and 2D TMDCs, in particular MoS2 and WSe2. Considerable effort was initially dedicated to the achievement of high-quality interfaces, and various approaches for the preparation of TMDC monolayers were explored. Then, two approaches were followed to assemble the HHs: the direct deposition of amorphous Rub directly onto the 2D TMDCs and the wet-transfer of epitaxial grown of crystalline Rub (on beta-alanine) onto the same 2D TMDCs. These HHs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the absorbance spectra were carried out. On all of them, the spectra showed the presence of typical absorption peaks attributable to the single components of the HHs, i.e. both Rub (either amorphous or crystalline) and the two different 2D TMDCs. Finally, steady-state photoluminescence (PL) analysis revealed that the PL signal carried out on amorphous Rub/1L-MoS2 and Rub/1L-WSe2 HHs display a quenching of the signal, possibly due to charge transfer (CT) separation at the interface or possible interfacial energy transfer. Further characterization, by means of time-resolved PL or transient absorption spectroscopy, would be required to study such photophysical processes.
Questo lavoro è focalizzato sull’analisi di diversi fenomeni indotti dall'uso di substrati differenti sulla crescita e sulle proprietà di film sottili organici, depositati tramite epitassia da fasci molecolari organici (OMBE). Parte del lavoro è incentrata sullo studio della crescita di film sottili di Nickel-tetrafenilporfirina (NiTPP) su ftalato acido di potassio (KAP) e grafite pirolitica altamente orientata (HOPG). La caratterizzazione è stata effettuata tramite microscopia a forza atomica (AFM), che consente di misurare e monitorare ex-situ la morfologia di tali film. L'HOPG è stato scelto per la sua superficie atomicamente piatta, che ha permesso di studiare, in particolare, i fenomeni di evoluzione post-crescita osservati durante il monitoraggio in aria. Tali fenomeni sono stati analizzati in dettaglio e infine modellizzati tramite la funzione di correlazione delle altezze (HHCF). Dall’analisi sono stati estratti i tre esponenti confermando l'applicabilità dell'analisi HHCF a film sottili organici soggetti a fenomeni di post-crescita. Inoltre, è stata studiata l’influenza di HOPG caratterizzate da diverse mosaicità sulla crescita e stabilità degli stessi film. Questa analisi ha rivelato che presenza di un maggior numero di strati simili al grafene sulla superficie dell’HOPG, risultante dal processo di esfoliazione, migliora la stabilità dei film, a seguito della maggiore eterogeneità del potenziale di superficie che aiuta a rallentale i fenomeni di post-crescita in aria. Durante lo studio dei film sottili di NiTPP depositati su KAP, invece, è stata dedicata particolare attenzione all'ottimizzazione dei parametri di crescita e agli effetti di vari protocolli applicati post-deposizione. I risultati indicano che, senza protocolli post-crescita, i film sono altamente instabili in aria, mostrando una grande riorganizzazione del materiale depositato possibilmente indotto dall’esposizione all’aria. Tali effetti sono minimizzati quando i film vengono sottoposti ad un prolungato stoccaggio in vuoto e se vengono scaldati a seguito della deposizione. In questo modo si possono ottenere film cristallini con una notevole stabilità in aria. Inoltre, a differenza dei film cristallini cresciuti su HOPG, i film cresciuti su KAP mostrano un orientamento distinto, che suggerisce la presenza di relazioni epitassiali specifiche tra il film e il substrato cristallino organico sottostante. In seguito, è stata investigata l'influenza di substrati bidimensionali (2D) sulle proprietà dei film organici tramite la fabbricazione e caratterizzazione di eterostrutture ibride (HH) composte da Rubrene (Rub) e dicalcogenuri di metalli di transizione (2D TMDC). L’assemblaggio delle HH Rub/2D TMDC è stato fatto sia depositando direttamente di Rub amorfo su monostrati (1L) di MoS2 e WSe2, sia tramite il trasferimento di Rub cristallino (precedentemente cresciuto epitassialmente su beta-alanina) sugli stessi 2D TMDC. Gli spettri di assorbanza ottenuti su queste HH mostrano la presenza di picchi di assorbimento tipici attribuibili ai singoli componenti, cioè al Rub (sia amorfo che cristallino) e ai 1L-MoS2 e 1L-WSe2. Da studi di fotoluminescenza (PL), invece, è stato rivelato che gli spettri PL ottenuti delle interfacce Rub amorfo/1L-MoS2 e Rub amorfo/1L-WSe2, presentano picchi meno intensi rispetto agli spettri misurati sulle loro singole componenti. Tale riduzione in intensità del segnale è possibilmente dovuta alla separazione di cariche all’interfaccia, o ad un trasferimento di energia. Per confermare e studiare tali fenomeni sarebbe necessaria un’ulteriore caratterizzazione, usando tecniche come spettroscopia PL a risoluzione temporale o spettroscopia di assorbimento transiente.
Substrate-Induced Phenomena in Organic Molecular Thin Films
PANCALDI, ALICE
2025
Abstract
This work is focused on the analysis of the phenomena induced by the use of different substrates on organic molecular thin films. Part of the work is focused on the study of the influence of both potassium acid phthalate (KAP) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) on the growth of Nickel-tetraphenylporphyrin (NiTPP) thin films, deposited via Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy (OMBE). Most of the characterization was carried out by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), which allows to measure and monitor the morphology of such films ex-situ. HOPG was chosen for its atomically flat surface, which allowed to study the remarkable post-growth evolution observed during the monitoring in air. Such phenomena, attributed to a quasi-Ostwald ripening, was thoroughly analysed and finally modelled by means of the height-height correlation function (HHCF). A set of characteristics exponents describing the growth and post-growth phenomena were extracted, confirming the assessment of the HHCF analysis to organic thin films subjected to such post-growth phenomena. Additionally, the use of HOPG with varying degrees of mosaicity was studied. This analysis revealed that the presence of more graphene-like layers on the surface, resulting from the exfoliation process, enhances the stability of the films. The increased surface potential heterogeneity from these layers helps to delay post-growth phenomena. In contrast to crystalline films grown on HOPG, where the films do not display any particular orientation on the surface, films grown on KAP exhibit a distinct orientation. This suggests the presence of specific epitaxial relationships between the film and the underlying organic single-crystal substrate. Furthermore, when studying NiTPP thin films deposited on KAP, special attention was given to the optimization of growth parameters and to the effect of various post-growth protocols, such as extended vacuum storage and annealing treatments. Results indicate that, without post-growth protocols, the films are highly unstable in air, showing significant "venting-induced" post-growth phenomena. Such post-growth effects are minimized when the films undergo extended vacuum storage combined with annealing. This approach results in the formation of crystalline oriented films with greatly enhanced stability in ambient conditions. Then, the influence of two-dimensional (2D) substrates on the properties of organic films was investigated through the fabrication and characterization of hybrid heterostructures (HHs) composed of Rubrene (Rub) and 2D TMDCs, in particular MoS2 and WSe2. Considerable effort was initially dedicated to the achievement of high-quality interfaces, and various approaches for the preparation of TMDC monolayers were explored. Then, two approaches were followed to assemble the HHs: the direct deposition of amorphous Rub directly onto the 2D TMDCs and the wet-transfer of epitaxial grown of crystalline Rub (on beta-alanine) onto the same 2D TMDCs. These HHs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the absorbance spectra were carried out. On all of them, the spectra showed the presence of typical absorption peaks attributable to the single components of the HHs, i.e. both Rub (either amorphous or crystalline) and the two different 2D TMDCs. Finally, steady-state photoluminescence (PL) analysis revealed that the PL signal carried out on amorphous Rub/1L-MoS2 and Rub/1L-WSe2 HHs display a quenching of the signal, possibly due to charge transfer (CT) separation at the interface or possible interfacial energy transfer. Further characterization, by means of time-resolved PL or transient absorption spectroscopy, would be required to study such photophysical processes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193041
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-193041