Esters, like ethyl acetate, methyl formate and butyl acetate, are widespread bulk chemicals in many industries. Each of them is currently produced in huge amounts (millions of tons per year scale) with energy intensive procedures and starting from fossil-based feedstocks. Esters are used as solvents, additives, APIs or intermediates in numerous industries, all around the world, mainly because of their low toxicity and complete biodegradability. Energy transition is just half of the story on the path of fighting climate change. As a matter of fact, 45% of the global greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions are caused by the production and use of all the products, materials and food necessary for modern human life. If the world is to reach its climate goals, there is the need to leave underground a significant proportion of the fossil-based feedstocks and minimize environmental impacts of chemical manufacturing. This is the reason why a lot of efforts have been made to find novel routes for esters production starting from renewable raw materials (e.g. biomasses or off-gases) and exploiting low-impact manufacturing, such as microbial fermentation or enzymatic reactions. Plus, companies such as Soft Chemicals S.r.l. and Vertec Biosolvents Inc. are also currently expanding the use of bulky esters in already established industrial applications with enormous benefits in relation to human and environmental health. As an example, the right blend of small chain esters can be effectively used to replace toxic and fossil-based solvents like toluene and paraffins in the formulation of paints and coatings, in the synthesis of resins or in industrial cleaning procedures, just to name a few. In this research project, supported by Soft Chemicals S.r.l. and University of Milano Bicocca, we disclose a process for ester production (with a focus on small esters like methyl formate, ethyl formate and ethyl acetate) at industrially viable yields occurring under mild conditions by fostering hemiacetal oxidation. The process occurs with a previously not described kinetics, which allows energy and raw materials savings and thus potentially reduced costs. The process also gives an ester titre superior to the theoretical maximum of the reaction. A patent application has been filed to protect this novel technology in October 2024. At the same time, we tested the use of some small esters in 2 already established industrial applications. The first one arose from a collaboration between Soft Chemicals and the ITM-CNR (Institute for Membrane Technology) in Rende (CS). We designed some sustainable solvent blends (small esters based) capable of replacing reprotoxic (H360) solvents like DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) and NMP (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) in the process of manufacturing polymer membranes for gas and liquid micro- nano- and ultra-filtration. Membrane production and characterization was performed in Rende by the ITM-CNR researchers in the group of Dr. Alberto Figoli. This first novel application of small esters gave origin to another patent application entitled “Modular green solvent composition for the preparation of polymer membranes” that was filed in February 2023. The second application consisted in the development of a green method for microbial oils extraction, to replace toxic and fossil-based solvents (methanol and chloroform) used in the standard Folch method. Microbial oils were produced by Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus in a fermentation process using liquid lemon extract (LE) as a major source of nutrients. The latter work was performed in the context of the European project Agro2Circular (A2C) (‘Agro2Circular - The hidden value of the Agrifood Sector Residues’ 2024; https://agro2circular.eu/). Main goal of A2C is to shift from a linear-agricultural production system to circular-economy, whit the idea of “turning trash to cash” and mitigate the impact on our society.
Gli esteri, come acetato di etile, formiato di metile e acetato di butile, sono ampiamente utilizzati come sostanze chimiche di base in molte industrie. Attualmente, vengono prodotti in quantità enormi (milioni di tonnellate all'anno) attraverso processi ad alta intensità energetica, partendo da materie prime fossili. La loro applicazione spazia da solventi e additivi a principi attivi e intermedi, grazie alla loro bassa tossicità e biodegradabilità. La transizione energetica rappresenta solo una parte della lotta contro il cambiamento climatico, poiché il 45% delle emissioni globali di gas serra deriva dalla produzione e dall'uso di prodotti essenziali per la vita moderna. Per raggiungere gli obiettivi climatici, è imperativo ridurre l'uso di materie prime fossili e minimizzare gli impatti ambientali della produzione chimica. Pertanto, sono in corso sforzi per sviluppare percorsi innovativi per la produzione di esteri da materie prime rinnovabili, come biomasse e gas di scarto, utilizzando tecniche a basso impatto come la fermentazione microbica o la catalisi enzimatica. Aziende come Soft Chemicals S.r.l. e Vertec Biosolvents Inc. stanno espandendo l'applicazione degli esteri in contesti industriali, portando benefici significativi alla salute umana e ambientale. Ad esempio, esteri a catena corta possono sostituire solventi tossici come toluene e paraffine in vernici e resine, oltre a essere utilizzati in procedure di pulizia industriale. Questo progetto di ricerca, sostenuto da Soft Chemicals S.r.l. e dall'Università di Milano Bicocca, propone un nuovo processo per la produzione di esteri. Questo processo avviene in condizioni moderate e attraverso l'ossidazione di emiacetali, con una cinetica innovativa che consente risparmi energetici e riduzione dei costi. Inoltre, produce un titolo di estere superiore al massimo teorico della reazione, per il quale è stata presentata una domanda di brevetto nell'ottobre 2024. Abbiamo anche testato l'applicazione di esteri in due contesti industriali. La prima è emersa da una collaborazione con l'ITM-CNR di Rende, dove abbiamo sviluppato miscele di solventi sostenibili in grado di sostituire solventi repro-tossici nel processo di produzione di membrane polimeriche per micro- e ultrafiltrazione. La produzione e caratterizzazione delle membrane è stata effettuata dai ricercatori dell'ITM-CNR, portando a una nuova domanda di brevetto intitolata “Composizione solvente verde modulare per la preparazione di membrane polimeriche” che è stata presentata nel febbraio 2023. La seconda applicazione riguarda un metodo verde per l'estrazione di oli microbici, sostituendo solventi tossici nel metodo standard (metodo di Folch). Gli oli sono stati ottenuti da Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus utilizzando "lemon extract" come fonte principale di nutrienti. Questo progetto è parte dell'iniziativa europea Agro2Circular, mirata a promuovere un'economia circolare e a ridurre l'impatto ambientale.
Biocatalytic preparation of esters: from blending to sustainable chemical manufacturing, a new perspective for a formulation company
ZAGO, MIRKO
2025
Abstract
Esters, like ethyl acetate, methyl formate and butyl acetate, are widespread bulk chemicals in many industries. Each of them is currently produced in huge amounts (millions of tons per year scale) with energy intensive procedures and starting from fossil-based feedstocks. Esters are used as solvents, additives, APIs or intermediates in numerous industries, all around the world, mainly because of their low toxicity and complete biodegradability. Energy transition is just half of the story on the path of fighting climate change. As a matter of fact, 45% of the global greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions are caused by the production and use of all the products, materials and food necessary for modern human life. If the world is to reach its climate goals, there is the need to leave underground a significant proportion of the fossil-based feedstocks and minimize environmental impacts of chemical manufacturing. This is the reason why a lot of efforts have been made to find novel routes for esters production starting from renewable raw materials (e.g. biomasses or off-gases) and exploiting low-impact manufacturing, such as microbial fermentation or enzymatic reactions. Plus, companies such as Soft Chemicals S.r.l. and Vertec Biosolvents Inc. are also currently expanding the use of bulky esters in already established industrial applications with enormous benefits in relation to human and environmental health. As an example, the right blend of small chain esters can be effectively used to replace toxic and fossil-based solvents like toluene and paraffins in the formulation of paints and coatings, in the synthesis of resins or in industrial cleaning procedures, just to name a few. In this research project, supported by Soft Chemicals S.r.l. and University of Milano Bicocca, we disclose a process for ester production (with a focus on small esters like methyl formate, ethyl formate and ethyl acetate) at industrially viable yields occurring under mild conditions by fostering hemiacetal oxidation. The process occurs with a previously not described kinetics, which allows energy and raw materials savings and thus potentially reduced costs. The process also gives an ester titre superior to the theoretical maximum of the reaction. A patent application has been filed to protect this novel technology in October 2024. At the same time, we tested the use of some small esters in 2 already established industrial applications. The first one arose from a collaboration between Soft Chemicals and the ITM-CNR (Institute for Membrane Technology) in Rende (CS). We designed some sustainable solvent blends (small esters based) capable of replacing reprotoxic (H360) solvents like DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) and NMP (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) in the process of manufacturing polymer membranes for gas and liquid micro- nano- and ultra-filtration. Membrane production and characterization was performed in Rende by the ITM-CNR researchers in the group of Dr. Alberto Figoli. This first novel application of small esters gave origin to another patent application entitled “Modular green solvent composition for the preparation of polymer membranes” that was filed in February 2023. The second application consisted in the development of a green method for microbial oils extraction, to replace toxic and fossil-based solvents (methanol and chloroform) used in the standard Folch method. Microbial oils were produced by Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus in a fermentation process using liquid lemon extract (LE) as a major source of nutrients. The latter work was performed in the context of the European project Agro2Circular (A2C) (‘Agro2Circular - The hidden value of the Agrifood Sector Residues’ 2024; https://agro2circular.eu/). Main goal of A2C is to shift from a linear-agricultural production system to circular-economy, whit the idea of “turning trash to cash” and mitigate the impact on our society.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193042
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-193042