The treatment and management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) have radically changed over the past 20 years. A significant number of trials have demonstrated the efficacy of new molecules and combinations, significantly improving the outcome of patients. An increased number of combination therapies, associating either an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and an antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) or two immune agents, represent new opportunities for mRCC treatment and are beneficial for most patients. However, it is not excluded that some patients may still benefit from monotherapy with TKI and a smart treatment sequence instead of a combination strategy. These patients may be a minority but still represented within the population: the ones with favorable risk and very long survival due to indolent disease, the ones with autoimmune pathologies, those generally excluded by clinical studies (patients with poor performance status, relevant cardiological or pulmonary comorbidities, renal impairment, elderly patients or patients with only pulmonary or pancreatic metastases), who are the real-world patients. As the immunological response is essential in RCC, an efficient immune system stimulation could improve the patient outcome. Some TKIs have been shown to have immunomodulatory activity, and their use can boost the patient immune response against the tumor even more if preceding ICIs in the treatment sequence. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to adopt the best strategy for promoting immune response, as some patients may benefit from a sequential therapy with a TKI followed by immunotherapy, while others may require a combination treatment TKI-immunotherapy upfront. It is imperative to define the best-tailored choice for each patient and if using a sequential rather than a combination therapy can still represent a smart strategy for selected cases. In this context, preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies can help identify the immunomodulating mechanisms, revealing the molecular and immune context generated by the drug exposure in the tumor and the host. With this aim, we designed the SequENCe and the AXIT study, investigating first in human and murine cell lines, then in co-cultures, and finally in RCC mice models, treatment sequences and combinations and their ability to modulate the tumor micro-environment, the host immune system, and the tumor-host interactions. The results that emerged, both in vitro and in vivo, despite still not complete, strongly support the modulating effects of single-agent drugs and demonstrated the differential effects of the drugs according to their sequence of administration or combinations, the time of exposure, and the dose administered. These elements, once definitive, will constitute the scientific support for the design of evidence-based clinical studies.
Il trattamento e la gestione del carcinoma renale metastatico (mRCC) sono cambiati radicalmente negli ultimi 20 anni. Diversi studi recenti hanno dimostrato l’efficacia di nuove molecole e combinazioni terapeutiche, migliorando significativamente l’outome dei pazienti. Terapie di combinazione che associano un inibitore del checkpoint immunitario (ICI) e un inibitore antiangiogenico della tirosin-chinasi (TKI) o due ICI, rappresentano nuove opportunità per il trattamento del mRCC e sono efficaci per la maggior parte dei pazienti. Tuttavia, non è escluso che alcune categorie selezionate di pazienti possano ancora beneficiare della monoterapia con TKI e di una sequenza di trattamento anzichè di una strategia di combinazione. Tali pazienti possono essere una minoranza rappresentata all’interno della popolazione: i casi a rischio favorevole e con malattia indolente, quelli con patologie autoimmuni, quelli normalmente esclusi dagli studi clinici (pazienti con scarso performance status, comorbidità, insufficienza renale, pazienti anziani), che rappresentano per gran parte i pazienti del mondo reale. Poiché la risposta immunitaria è essenziale nel mRCC, una stimolazione efficiente del sistema immunitario potrebbe migliorare l’outcome del paziente. Alcuni TKI hanno dimostrato di avere attività immunomodulatoria e il loro utilizzo può rivelarsi utile nel potenziare la risposta immunitaria del paziente contro il tumore, in particolare se somministrati prima dell’immunoterapia nella sequenza di trattamento. Attualmente, non ci sono elementi sufficienti per definire la migliore strategia adatta a immunomodulare favorevolmente e promuovere la risposta immunitaria: alcuni pazienti possono beneficiare di una terapia sequenziale con un TKI seguita da immunoterapia, mentre altri potrebbero richiedere un trattamento combinato TKI-immunoterapia in anticipo, ma non esistono ad oggi elementi predittivi o razionali per selezionarli. È dunque fondamentale definire la migliore scelta terapeutica personalizzata, e se l’uso di una strategia sequenziale piuttosto che combinata possa ancora rappresentare un’opzione attuale e proponibile per casi selezionati. In questo contesto, studi preclinici in vitro e in vivo possono essere utili per identificare I meccanismi immunomodulanti, rivelando il contesto molecolare e immunitario generato dall’esposizione al farmaco nel tumore e nell’ospite. Con questo scopo, abbiamo progettato gli studi SequENCE e AXIT, investigando su linee cellulari umane e murine, poi in co-colture e infine in modelli di topi RCC, sequenze e combinazioni di trattamento e la loro capacità di modulare il microambiente tumorale, il sistema immunitario dell’ospite e le interazioni tumore-ospite. I risultati emersi, sia in vitro che in vivo, seppure ancora incompleti, confermano gli effetti immunomodulatori dei TKI, e hanno dimostrato effetti differenziali dei farmaci in base non sono alla loro sequenza di somministrazione o combinazione, ma anche al tempo di esposizione e alla dose somministrata. Questi elementi, una volta definiti, costituiranno il support scientifico razionale per il disegno di studi clinici basati sull’evidenza.
Esposizione sequenziale e concomitante a inibitori delle tirosin-chinasi e inibitori dei checkpoint immunitari nel carcinoma a cellule renali: dai pattern molecolari nelle linee cellulari agli effetti immunomodulanti nei modelli murini
Melissa, Bersanelli
2022
Abstract
The treatment and management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) have radically changed over the past 20 years. A significant number of trials have demonstrated the efficacy of new molecules and combinations, significantly improving the outcome of patients. An increased number of combination therapies, associating either an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and an antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) or two immune agents, represent new opportunities for mRCC treatment and are beneficial for most patients. However, it is not excluded that some patients may still benefit from monotherapy with TKI and a smart treatment sequence instead of a combination strategy. These patients may be a minority but still represented within the population: the ones with favorable risk and very long survival due to indolent disease, the ones with autoimmune pathologies, those generally excluded by clinical studies (patients with poor performance status, relevant cardiological or pulmonary comorbidities, renal impairment, elderly patients or patients with only pulmonary or pancreatic metastases), who are the real-world patients. As the immunological response is essential in RCC, an efficient immune system stimulation could improve the patient outcome. Some TKIs have been shown to have immunomodulatory activity, and their use can boost the patient immune response against the tumor even more if preceding ICIs in the treatment sequence. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to adopt the best strategy for promoting immune response, as some patients may benefit from a sequential therapy with a TKI followed by immunotherapy, while others may require a combination treatment TKI-immunotherapy upfront. It is imperative to define the best-tailored choice for each patient and if using a sequential rather than a combination therapy can still represent a smart strategy for selected cases. In this context, preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies can help identify the immunomodulating mechanisms, revealing the molecular and immune context generated by the drug exposure in the tumor and the host. With this aim, we designed the SequENCe and the AXIT study, investigating first in human and murine cell lines, then in co-cultures, and finally in RCC mice models, treatment sequences and combinations and their ability to modulate the tumor micro-environment, the host immune system, and the tumor-host interactions. The results that emerged, both in vitro and in vivo, despite still not complete, strongly support the modulating effects of single-agent drugs and demonstrated the differential effects of the drugs according to their sequence of administration or combinations, the time of exposure, and the dose administered. These elements, once definitive, will constitute the scientific support for the design of evidence-based clinical studies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi Dottorato Melissa Bersanelli 31.01.2021.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193234
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-193234