Fungi have been neglected by the scientific community for many years, due to their relative low human pathogenicity as well as the technical challenges that hampered a profound knowledge of this kingdom. Now, thanks to the advent of new technologies and biological discoveries, there is a large scientific consensus upon the necessity of studying all the dynamics underlying the fungal world. Fungi not only helped the evolution of mammals, but are currently a crucial part of our microbiota, and we commonly encounter a broad range of species that interact with bacteria and with human cells, shaping our immune system and, ultimately, our bodies. These species, mostly belonging to yeasts rather than filamentous fungi, could be potentially exploited for their beneficial effects as well as for developing therapeutic strategies that aim to train our immune system. Furthermore, among all the mechanisms exerted by yeasts to interact with other organisms, special attention should be given to extracellular vesicles, which are an extremely powerful means of communication thanks to their content full of antigenic and regulatory molecules. A necessary further exploration of microbial and fungal extracellular vesicles could open exciting possibilities in the fields of genetic engineering, vaccine development, and immunotherapy. This PhD thesis aimed to explore the dynamics of yeasts in diverse ecological communities, such as fermentative foods and human microbiota-related environments, as well as investigate the compositional and functional properties of yeast extracellular vesicles (EVs), a communication mechanism evolutionarily conserved by all kingdoms of life. Apart from two extensive reviews, one regarding interaction and co-evolution between yeasts and humans, and the other regarding the current knowledge on fungal EVs, this thesis is divided into three fundamental parts, following some of the original experimental works to which I contributed during my PhD: (i) roles of yeast in natural fermentation; (ii) metabolic and immunoregulatory functions of yeasts-lactobacilli communities; and (iii) structural, compositional, and immunological features of yeast EVs.
I funghi sono stati trascurati dalla comunità scientifica per molti anni, a causa della loro relativamente bassa patogenicità umana e delle sfide tecniche che hanno ostacolato una profonda conoscenza di questo regno. Ora, grazie all’avvento di nuove tecnologie e scoperte biologiche, c’è un grande consenso scientifico sulla necessità di studiare tutte le dinamiche sottostanti al mondo fungino. I funghi non solo hanno contribuito all’evoluzione dei mammiferi, ma sono attualmente una parte cruciale del nostro microbiota, e durante il corso della vita incontriamo una vasta gamma di specie che interagiscono con i batteri e con le cellule dell’ospite, modellando il nostro sistema immunitario e, in ultima analisi, i nostri corpi. Queste specie, per lo più appartenenti ai lieviti piuttosto che ai funghi filamentosi, potrebbero essere potenzialmente sfruttate per i loro effetti benefici e per lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche volte a sviuppare il nostro sistema immunitario. Inoltre, tra tutti i meccanismi esercitati dai lieviti per interagire con altri organismi, si dovrebbe prestare particolare attenzione alle vescicole extracellulari, che sono un mezzo di comunicazione estremamente potente grazie al loro contenuto ricco di molecole antigeniche e regolatorie. Una necessaria ulteriore esplorazione delle vescicole extracellulari microbiche e fungine potrebbe aprire interessanti possibilità nei campi dell’ingegneria genetica, dello sviluppo dei vaccini e dell’immunoterapia. Questa tesi di dottorato ha lo scopo di esplorare la dinamica dei lieviti nelle diverse comunità ecologiche, come gli alimenti fermentati e gli ambienti legati al microbiota umano, nonché di indagare sulle proprietà compositive e funzionali delle vescicole extracellulari di lievito (EVs), un meccanismo di comunicazione evolutivamente conservato da tutti i regni della vita. Oltre a due ampie review, una riguardante l’interazione e la coevoluzione tra le lieviti e gli esseri umani, e l’altra riguardo alle attuali conoscenze sulle EV fungine, questa tesi è suddivisa in tre parti fondamentali, seguendo alcuni dei lavori sperimentali originali ai quali ho contribuito durante il mio dottorato: (i) i ruoli dei lieviti nella fermentazione naturale; (ii) le funzioni metaboliche e immunoregolatorie delle comunità di lieviti e lactobacilli; e (iii) le caratteristiche strutturali, compositive e immunologiche delle EV di lievito.
Vescicole extracellulari come mezzi di comunicazione tra lievito e ospite
Stefano, Nenciarini
2023
Abstract
Fungi have been neglected by the scientific community for many years, due to their relative low human pathogenicity as well as the technical challenges that hampered a profound knowledge of this kingdom. Now, thanks to the advent of new technologies and biological discoveries, there is a large scientific consensus upon the necessity of studying all the dynamics underlying the fungal world. Fungi not only helped the evolution of mammals, but are currently a crucial part of our microbiota, and we commonly encounter a broad range of species that interact with bacteria and with human cells, shaping our immune system and, ultimately, our bodies. These species, mostly belonging to yeasts rather than filamentous fungi, could be potentially exploited for their beneficial effects as well as for developing therapeutic strategies that aim to train our immune system. Furthermore, among all the mechanisms exerted by yeasts to interact with other organisms, special attention should be given to extracellular vesicles, which are an extremely powerful means of communication thanks to their content full of antigenic and regulatory molecules. A necessary further exploration of microbial and fungal extracellular vesicles could open exciting possibilities in the fields of genetic engineering, vaccine development, and immunotherapy. This PhD thesis aimed to explore the dynamics of yeasts in diverse ecological communities, such as fermentative foods and human microbiota-related environments, as well as investigate the compositional and functional properties of yeast extracellular vesicles (EVs), a communication mechanism evolutionarily conserved by all kingdoms of life. Apart from two extensive reviews, one regarding interaction and co-evolution between yeasts and humans, and the other regarding the current knowledge on fungal EVs, this thesis is divided into three fundamental parts, following some of the original experimental works to which I contributed during my PhD: (i) roles of yeast in natural fermentation; (ii) metabolic and immunoregulatory functions of yeasts-lactobacilli communities; and (iii) structural, compositional, and immunological features of yeast EVs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193524
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-193524