Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a gammaherpesvirus, belonging to Rhadinovirus genus, with no strict clear association with disease, even if increasing evidence of its secondary pathogenic role in cases of post-partum metritis in cattle are reported. BoHV-4 potential as a gene delivery vector for immuno-prophylaxis and gene therapy has been already well documented, thanks to its favorable molecular and biological characteristics, such as little or no pathogenicity, absence of oncogenicity; capability to accommodate large amounts of foreign genetic material and the possibility to be manipulated using infectious BoHV-4-derived bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) genomes. Molecular studies on its ORFs and gene products are on-going, to better clarify the interaction mechanisms between the viral particles and the host cells and also to deeper understand its application as a viral vector. Genome and genes structure are well conserved in Gammaherpesvirus, and ORF45 gene and its product, orf45, is one of those. BoHV-4 Open Reading Frame 45 (ORF45) codifies for a protein (orf45) of unknown function. Although preserved the homologues of ORF45 differ greatly in the length of the protein product and most likely perform different biological activities in various viruses. In addition to differing in the length of the protein, the overall homology of the sequences between homologues is very low. In fact, only a few brief and discrete regions can be aligned with each other. Between these regions, the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end shows the highest homology, implying the possibility that this region has a very important biological role. Similarly, another highly preserved region is the one where the nuclear location sequence (NLS) is present. For example, in Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF45 presents the longest protein product among the various gammaherpesviruses, with its 407aa, while in BoHV-4 is only 241aa and in Murine Gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) is 353aa. In recent years the research is focusing a lot on ORF45 and its protein product, in fact in literature there are numerous studies describing different biological activities attributed to the protein product of the ORF45 gene, in particular its belonging to the early-expression protein, expressed at the stage of infection crucial for viral avoidance from the host’s immune surveillance. In particular, ORF45 is a gene not yet investigated in BoHV-4 and we thought to deepen its biological and molecular characteristics. First we wanted to confirm that also in BoHV-4 the protein product of ORF45 is a nuclear protein and for this we generated a construct with the expression cassette for ORF45 fused with GFP, the green fluorescent protein, placed under the transcriptional control of the heterologous promoter of Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV); following transient transfection in HEK293 of the construct p-CMV-ORF45/EFGP we observed through the acquisition of the images by high resolution confocal microscope that the protein of our interest, that is, ORF45 fused with GFP, was abundantly present in the nuclear compartment of the cells compared to our control given by the transfection of a mock construct expressing only the gene for GFP that unlike was more localized in the cytoplasmic compartment. These data confirm that reported in the literature where ORF45 is defined as a nuclear protein. Moreover, we went deeper into the various biological characteristics and activities of ORF45 in BoHV-4, such as being an essential protein for virus replication and its localization in the viral integument area. To demonstrate our thinkings we have generated and characterized a BoHV-4 mutant ORF45-null exploiting the BAC homologous recombination proces. To generate a recombinant virus, a BoHV-4 genome clone was isolated from the milk cell fraction from a healthy cow and cloned as BAC and propagated within the bacterial strain E.coli, SW102. Furthermore, in the first phase of this process called TARGETING we replaced ORF45 in its entirety within the BoHV-4 genome, with a selectable expression cassette for kanamycin resistance and the Galaktokinase gene, This allowed us to discriminate positive clones (that is, where homologous recombination has been successfully carried out and therefore the ORF has been replaced with our DNA of interest) with negative ones, by positive selection on solid plates with kanamycin. We then carried out a second growth screening in liquid medium, positive for kanamycin and chloramphenicol. After extracting the BAC DNA, we performed an enzymatic digestion analysis with the restriction enzyme HindIII. The resultant recombinant pBAC-BoHV-4-A?ORF45-KanaGalK genome of BoHV-4 was electroporated into BEK bovine permissive cells and BEKcre cells. We could observe that it was not completely able to replenish vital and infectious viral particles (IRVP) and replicate, confirming that ORF45 is crucial for BoHV-4 replication. To give further confirmation of the fundamental importance of ORF45 for BoHV-4 replication, also by homologous recombination we generated a revertant clone pBAC-BoHV-4-?ORF45-Revertant, where the expression cassette of ORF45, driven by a CMV heterologous promoter, it was positioned in the opposite direction to natural ORF45 in the BoHV-4 genome. Also, in this case after extracting the DNA of the BAC we carried out an analysis through enzymatic digestion with the restriction enzyme HindIII and through Southern blotting using a specific probe for ORF45 we confirmed the successful insertion of o the revertant DNA sequence. In this case, after electroporation in permissive BEK cells, , the reconstitution of the vital and infectious viral particles was successfully achieved, confirming the data. We then electroporated the DNA of the recombinant clone also in the BEKcre cells, thanks to the enzyme cre-recombinase the BAC floxed cassette is excised and therefore the green fluorescence appears no longer visible, since the GFP gene, being present in the BAC cassette, in turn inserted between two sites LoxP, will be excised along with the BAC cassette. We then evaluated and compared the growth kinetics of the recombinant virus pBAC-BoHV- 4-?ORF45-Revertant with a parental virus and a slight decrease in growth kinetics of the recombinant virus is observed. Since ORF45 was also tagged with an HA epitope (hemoagglutinin), we were able to demonstrate that the product of the ORF45 gene is associated with the virion particles by the western blotting technique, confirming that the protein belongs to the tegument of the virus. Moreover, the impact of BoHV-4 ORF45 on cellular transcriptome was investigated; many cellular transcriptional pathways were found to be alterated, mainly those involving p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and signal-regulated kinase (ERK) complex (RSK/ERK). This work demonstrates that BoHV-4 replicating cycle is dependent on ORF45 gene product and provides direct evidence that ORF45 gene product is necessary for BoHV-4 lytic replication and thus highlighting the authentic character of BoHV-4 ORF45 and paving the way to further investigations.
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) è un Gammaherpesvirus, appartenente al genere Rhadinovirus. Il potenziale di BoHV-4 come vettore virale per l’immunoprofilassi a scopo vaccinale e nella terapia genica è stato ben documentato in diverse ricerche scientifiche già pubblicate. In particolare, BoHV-4 presenta numerose caratteristiche sia biologiche che molecolari che lo rendono un’ottima piattaforma vettoriale, come: scarsa o nulla patogenicità, assenza di oncogenicità, capacità di ospitare grandi quantità di materiale genetico estraneo e la possibilità di essere manipolato come Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) derivati da cloni virali infettivi. Per migliorare la sua applicabilità ed utilizzo come vettore virale, sfruttando al meglio le sue caratteristiche biologiche e genetiche abbiamo intrapreso alcuni studi per approfondire le funzionalità delle varie Open Reading Frame (ORF) e sui prodotti genici al fine di chiarire al meglio i meccanismi di interazione tra le particelle virali e le cellule ospiti. Questi studi ci hanno portato a concentrarci in particolare su ORF45. ORF45 è una proteina tegumentale multifunzionale che si trova solo nei gammaherpesvirus, non è infatti presente negli alfa o nei betaherpesvirus e non esiste un omologo cellulare per ORF45. In particolare, tra i vari gammaherpesvirus esiste co-linearità tra i vari geni, compreso ORF45, che si trova posizionato sul filamento complementare del genoma. Sebbene conservati gli omologhi di ORF45 differiscono notevolmente nella lunghezza del prodotto proteico e molto probabilmente svolgono diverse attività biologiche nei vari virus. Oltre a differire nella lunghezza della proteina, l’omologia complessiva della sequenza tra gli omologhi è molto bassa. Infatti, solo poche regioni brevi e discrete possono essere allineate tra loro, tra queste regioni, l’estremità carbossi-terminale (C-terminale) mostra l’omologia più alta, implicando la possibilità che questa regione abbia un ruolo biologico molto importante. Allo stesso modo, un’altra area altamente conservata è la regione dov’è presente la sequenza di localizzazione nucleare (NLS). Ad esempio, in Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF45 presenta il prodotto proteico più lungo tra i vari gammaherpesvirus, con i suoi 407aa, mentre in BoHV-4 è solo di 241aa e in Murine Gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) è di 353aa. In questi ultimi anni la ricerca si sta soffermando molto su ORF45 e il suo prodotto proteico, in letteratura infatti troviamo numerosi studi che descrivono diverse attività biologiche attribuite al prodotto proteico del gene ORF45, in particolare come possa essere una proteina ad espressione precoce in fase d’infezione fondamentale per l’elusione virale dalla sorveglianza immunitaria dell’ospite. Essendo ORF45 un gene non ancora indagato in BoHV-4 abbiamo pensato di approfondire le sue caratteristiche biologiche e molecolari. Come prima cosa abbiamo voluto confermare che anche in BoHV-4 il prodotto proteico di ORF45 sia una proteina nucleare e per questo abbiamo generato un costrutto con la cassetta di espressione per ORF45 fusa con la cassetta di espressione per la Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP), posto sotto il controllo trascrizionale di un promotore eterologo di Citomegalovirus Umano (CMV); in seguito a trasfezione transiente in HEK293 del costrutto p-CMV-ORF45/EFGP abbiamo osservato mediante l’acquisizione delle immagini da microscopio confocale ad alta risoluzione che la proteina di nostro interesse, cioè ORF45 fusa con la GFP, era abbondantemente presente nel comparto nucleare delle cellule rispetto al nostro controllo dato dalla trasfezione di un costrutto esprimente solo il gene per la EGFP che, a differenza, era maggiormente localizzata nel compartimento citoplasmatico. Questi dati confermano quello riportato in letteratura dove ORF45 viene definita appunto come una proteina nucleare. In seguito, abbiamo approfondito quelle che sono le varie caratteristiche e attività biologiche di ORF45 in BoHV-4, come ad esempio essere una proteina essenziale per la replicazione del virus a localizzazione nella zona del tegumento virale. Per dimostrare ciò abbiamo generato e caratterizzato un BoHV-4 mutante ORF45-nullo sfruttando il processo di ricombinazione omologa. Per generare un virus ricombinante è stato isolato un clone del genoma di BoHV-4 dalla frazione di cellule del latte da una vacca sana ed è stato clonato come BAC e propagato nel ceppo batterico E.coli, SW102. Successivamente, nella prima fase di questo processo definito TARGETING abbiamo sostituito ORF45 per intero all’interno del genoma di BoHV-4, con una cassetta di espressione selezionabile per la resistenza alla kanamicina e il gene Galattochinasi, questo ci ha permesso di discriminare i cloni positivi (cioè dove è avvenuta con successo la ricombinazione omologa e quindi l’avvenuta sostituzione dell’ORF con la nostra cassetta di interesse) con quelli negativi, mediante selezione positiva su piastre solide con kanamicina. In seguito, abbiamo effettuato anche un secondo screening di crescita in terreno liquido, positiva per kanamicina e per cloramfenicolo. Dopo aver estratto il DNA dei BAC abbiamo effettuato un’analisi tramite digestione enzimatica con l’enzima di restrizione HindIII. Il risultante genoma di BoHV-4 ricombinante pBAC-BoHV-4-A?ORF45-KanaGalK è stato elettroporato in cellule permissive di bovino BEK e in cellule BEKcre. Dove, abbiamo potuto osservare che non era completamente in grado di ricostituire le particelle virali vitali ed infettive (IRVP) e di replicarsi, confermando che ORF45 è fondamentale per la replicazione di BoHV-4. Per dare un’ulteriore conferma della fondamentale importanza di ORF45 per la replicazione di BoHV-4, sempre mediante ricombinazione omologa abbiamo generato un clone revertante pBAC-BoHV- 4-?ORF45-Revertant, dove la cassetta di espressione di ORF45, guidata da un promotore eterologo CMV, è stata posizionata in direzione opposta rispetto all’ORF45 naturale nel genoma di BoHV-4. Anche in questo caso dopo aver estratto il DNA dei BAC abbiamo effettuato un’analisi tramite digestione enzimatica con l’enzima di restrizione HindIII e tramite Southern blotting utilizzando una sonda specifica per ORF45 abbiamo confermato il successo dell’avvenuta inserzione della cassetta di espressione. In questo caso dopo elettroporazione in cellule permissive, la ricostituzione delle particelle virali vitali ed infettive è avvenuta con successo confermando il dato. Abbiamo elettroporato in seguito il DNA del clone ricombinante anche nelle cellule BEKcre, che grazie all’enzima cre-ricombinasi, la cassetta BAC floxata viene escissa e quindi non appare più visibile la fluorescenza verde, poiché il gene della GFP, essendo presente nella cassetta del BAC, a sua volta inserita tra due siti LoxP, verrà escisso insieme alla cassetta del BAC. In seguito, abbiamo valutato e messo a confronto le cinetiche di crescita del virus ricombinante pBAC-BoHV- 4-?ORF45-Revertant con un virus parentale, osservando una lieve flessione nella cinetica di crescita del virus revertante ricombinante. Poiché ORF45 è stato anche taggato con un epitopo HA (emoagglutinina), siamo stati in grado di dimostrare che il prodotto del gene ORF45 è associato alle particelle del virione mediante la tecnica di western blotting confermando che la proteina è appartenente al tegumento del virus. Infine, è stato studiato l’impatto di BoHV-4 ORF45 sul trascrittoma cellulare dove molte vie trascrizionali cellulari sono risultate alterate, principalmente quelle che coinvolgono la p90 ribosomiale S6 chinasi (RSK) e il complesso della chinasi regolata dal segnale (ERK) (RSK/ERK). Questo lavoro ci permette di dimostrare che il ciclo di replicazione di BoHV-4 dipende dal prodotto del gene ORF45 e fornisce prove dirette che il prodotto del gene ORF45 è necessario per la replicazione litica di BoHV-4, evidenziando così il carattere autentico di BoHV-4 ORF45 e aprendo la strada a ulteriori indagini
Caratterizzazione funzionale di ORF45 di herpesvirus bovino 4
Luca, Russo
2023
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a gammaherpesvirus, belonging to Rhadinovirus genus, with no strict clear association with disease, even if increasing evidence of its secondary pathogenic role in cases of post-partum metritis in cattle are reported. BoHV-4 potential as a gene delivery vector for immuno-prophylaxis and gene therapy has been already well documented, thanks to its favorable molecular and biological characteristics, such as little or no pathogenicity, absence of oncogenicity; capability to accommodate large amounts of foreign genetic material and the possibility to be manipulated using infectious BoHV-4-derived bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) genomes. Molecular studies on its ORFs and gene products are on-going, to better clarify the interaction mechanisms between the viral particles and the host cells and also to deeper understand its application as a viral vector. Genome and genes structure are well conserved in Gammaherpesvirus, and ORF45 gene and its product, orf45, is one of those. BoHV-4 Open Reading Frame 45 (ORF45) codifies for a protein (orf45) of unknown function. Although preserved the homologues of ORF45 differ greatly in the length of the protein product and most likely perform different biological activities in various viruses. In addition to differing in the length of the protein, the overall homology of the sequences between homologues is very low. In fact, only a few brief and discrete regions can be aligned with each other. Between these regions, the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end shows the highest homology, implying the possibility that this region has a very important biological role. Similarly, another highly preserved region is the one where the nuclear location sequence (NLS) is present. For example, in Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF45 presents the longest protein product among the various gammaherpesviruses, with its 407aa, while in BoHV-4 is only 241aa and in Murine Gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) is 353aa. In recent years the research is focusing a lot on ORF45 and its protein product, in fact in literature there are numerous studies describing different biological activities attributed to the protein product of the ORF45 gene, in particular its belonging to the early-expression protein, expressed at the stage of infection crucial for viral avoidance from the host’s immune surveillance. In particular, ORF45 is a gene not yet investigated in BoHV-4 and we thought to deepen its biological and molecular characteristics. First we wanted to confirm that also in BoHV-4 the protein product of ORF45 is a nuclear protein and for this we generated a construct with the expression cassette for ORF45 fused with GFP, the green fluorescent protein, placed under the transcriptional control of the heterologous promoter of Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV); following transient transfection in HEK293 of the construct p-CMV-ORF45/EFGP we observed through the acquisition of the images by high resolution confocal microscope that the protein of our interest, that is, ORF45 fused with GFP, was abundantly present in the nuclear compartment of the cells compared to our control given by the transfection of a mock construct expressing only the gene for GFP that unlike was more localized in the cytoplasmic compartment. These data confirm that reported in the literature where ORF45 is defined as a nuclear protein. Moreover, we went deeper into the various biological characteristics and activities of ORF45 in BoHV-4, such as being an essential protein for virus replication and its localization in the viral integument area. To demonstrate our thinkings we have generated and characterized a BoHV-4 mutant ORF45-null exploiting the BAC homologous recombination proces. To generate a recombinant virus, a BoHV-4 genome clone was isolated from the milk cell fraction from a healthy cow and cloned as BAC and propagated within the bacterial strain E.coli, SW102. Furthermore, in the first phase of this process called TARGETING we replaced ORF45 in its entirety within the BoHV-4 genome, with a selectable expression cassette for kanamycin resistance and the Galaktokinase gene, This allowed us to discriminate positive clones (that is, where homologous recombination has been successfully carried out and therefore the ORF has been replaced with our DNA of interest) with negative ones, by positive selection on solid plates with kanamycin. We then carried out a second growth screening in liquid medium, positive for kanamycin and chloramphenicol. After extracting the BAC DNA, we performed an enzymatic digestion analysis with the restriction enzyme HindIII. The resultant recombinant pBAC-BoHV-4-A?ORF45-KanaGalK genome of BoHV-4 was electroporated into BEK bovine permissive cells and BEKcre cells. We could observe that it was not completely able to replenish vital and infectious viral particles (IRVP) and replicate, confirming that ORF45 is crucial for BoHV-4 replication. To give further confirmation of the fundamental importance of ORF45 for BoHV-4 replication, also by homologous recombination we generated a revertant clone pBAC-BoHV-4-?ORF45-Revertant, where the expression cassette of ORF45, driven by a CMV heterologous promoter, it was positioned in the opposite direction to natural ORF45 in the BoHV-4 genome. Also, in this case after extracting the DNA of the BAC we carried out an analysis through enzymatic digestion with the restriction enzyme HindIII and through Southern blotting using a specific probe for ORF45 we confirmed the successful insertion of o the revertant DNA sequence. In this case, after electroporation in permissive BEK cells, , the reconstitution of the vital and infectious viral particles was successfully achieved, confirming the data. We then electroporated the DNA of the recombinant clone also in the BEKcre cells, thanks to the enzyme cre-recombinase the BAC floxed cassette is excised and therefore the green fluorescence appears no longer visible, since the GFP gene, being present in the BAC cassette, in turn inserted between two sites LoxP, will be excised along with the BAC cassette. We then evaluated and compared the growth kinetics of the recombinant virus pBAC-BoHV- 4-?ORF45-Revertant with a parental virus and a slight decrease in growth kinetics of the recombinant virus is observed. Since ORF45 was also tagged with an HA epitope (hemoagglutinin), we were able to demonstrate that the product of the ORF45 gene is associated with the virion particles by the western blotting technique, confirming that the protein belongs to the tegument of the virus. Moreover, the impact of BoHV-4 ORF45 on cellular transcriptome was investigated; many cellular transcriptional pathways were found to be alterated, mainly those involving p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and signal-regulated kinase (ERK) complex (RSK/ERK). This work demonstrates that BoHV-4 replicating cycle is dependent on ORF45 gene product and provides direct evidence that ORF45 gene product is necessary for BoHV-4 lytic replication and thus highlighting the authentic character of BoHV-4 ORF45 and paving the way to further investigations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193652
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-193652