Person-environment fit is the optimal compatibility between the characteristics of individuals and their environments which promotes positive life outcomes. Research in feminist geography highlights the importance of analyzing urban environments through a gendered lens, a perspective supported by recent theories regarding the spatial attribution of social stereotypes. While research has extensively examined the benefits of fit in workplace settings, limited research has explored this concept within urban environments, especially in relation to gender identity. This research represents the first attempt to examine person-environment fit processes within urban environments investigating how stereotypical gender associations with urban environments, in combination with individual gender identity, influence various aspects of well-being, socio-environmental attitudes and behavioral tendencies. The present dissertation is organized into three sections and includes eight empirical studies. Section A introduces the concept of compatibility with the environment and its psychosocial implications. Study 1a (N = 235) found that individuals with a stronger sense of fit in public spaces reported more positive psychological states and a greater willingness to engage with these environments. Study 1b (N = 191) extended this investigation by assessing the relationship between fit, attitudes toward social norms in public spaces, and pro-environmental intentions. In Study 2 (N = 277) an experimental manipulation demonstrated that enhancing subjective fit improved feelings of restorativeness and approach intentions, although effects on social norms and environmental intentions were inconsistent. Section B presents a second series of studies focused on the gendered stereotypical perceptions of urban space. Study 3 (N = 130) provided evidence for the gendered nature of urban space perception and its potential impact on social expectations regarding gender differences in environmental behavior. Study 4 (N = 170) replicated these findings using a Gender Face Recognition Task as an indirect measure to assess the cognitive association between gender and urban environments. Study 5 (N = 204) experimentally manipulated the cognitive accessibility of stereotypical beliefs about urban spaces. Although observing a manipulation backfire effect, results supported the role of gender role norms as a mechanism influencing gendered environmental behaviors. Section C revisits fit processes to better understand the psychosocial consequences of (mis)fitting with specific types of gendered urban places. Study 6 (N = 180) highlighted the masculine perception of urban green spaces, which heightened feelings of unsafety and diminished restorative perceptions, particularly for individuals whose gender identity did not align with the place masculinity. Finally, Study 7 (N = 154) implemented an experience sampling methodology to assess perceived masculinity across different built public spaces evaluated on-site and in real time. The findings revealed a correlation with increased feelings of unsafety, lower place attachment, and diminished environmental commitment, confirming that individuals experiencing a gender misfit were particularly vulnerable to these negative impacts. This dissertation provides empirical evidence for the gendered nature of urban space perception, showing how person-environment fit based on gender identity affects well-being, social behavior, and environmental engagement in urban settings. The findings offer important theoretical and practical implications for socio-environmental psychology urban planning, emphasizing the need to consider gender dynamics in the design of inclusive and sustainable public spaces.
Il fit tra la persona e l’ambiente è la compatibilità ottimale tra le caratteristiche degli individui e i loro ambienti di vita. La geografia femminista evidenzia l'importanza di analizzare gli ambienti urbani attraverso una prospettiva di genere, una possibilità supportata da recenti teorie riguardanti l'attribuzione degli stereotipi sociali allo spazio fisico. Mentre la ricerca ha esaminato ampiamente i benefici del fit nei contesti lavorativi, la ricerca su questo fenomeno negli ambienti urbani è ancora limitata, specialmente in relazione all'identità di genere. Questa ricerca rappresenta il primo tentativo di esaminare il fit con gli ambienti urbani indagando come le associazione stereotipica tra il genere e gli spazi, in combinazione con l'identità di genere individuale, influenzano vari aspetti del benessere, delle attitudini socio-ambientali e delle tendenze comportamentali. La presente tesi è organizzata in tre sezioni e include otto studi empirici. La Sezione A introduce il concetto del fit con l'ambiente e le sue implicazioni psicosociali. Lo Studio 1a (N = 235) ha rivelato come gli individui con un forte senso di compatibilità con gli spazi pubblici hanno riportato stati psicologici più positivi e una maggiore disponibilità a interagire con questi ambienti. Lo Studio 1b (N = 191) ha esteso questa indagine valutando la relazione tra fit, atteggiamenti verso le norme sociali negli spazi pubblici e intenzioni pro-ambientali. Nello Studio 2 (N = 277) una manipolazione sperimentale ha dimostrato che migliorare il fit soggettivo con gli spazi urbani può accrescere la percezione di restorativeness e le intenzioni di frequentarli, sebbene gli effetti sulle norme sociali e le intenzioni ambientali siano apparsi inconsistenti. La Sezione B presenta una seconda serie di studi focalizzati sulla percezione genderizzata dello spazio urbano. Lo Studio 3 (N = 130) ha fornito prove sulla genderizzazione degli spazi e sul suo potenziale impatto sulle aspettative sociali riguardanti le differenze di genere nei comportamenti ambientali. Lo Studio 4 (N = 170) ha replicato questi risultati utilizzando un compito di riconoscimento del genere di volti come misura indiretta per valutare l’associazione cognitiva tra genere e ambienti urbani. Lo Studio 5 (N = 204) ha manipolato sperimentalmente l'accessibilità cognitiva delle credenze stereotipiche sugli spazi urbani. Sebbene sia stato osservato un effetto boomerang della manipolazione, i risultati hanno supportato il ruolo delle norme di genere come meccanismo che influenza la genderizzazione dei comportamenti ambientali. La Sezione C ha l’obiettivo di comprendere le conseguenze psicosociali del (mis)fit con specifici tipi di luoghi urbani. Lo Studio 6 (N = 180) ha evidenziato l’attribuzione di mascolinità agli spazi verdi urbani, che ha accresciuto la sensazione di insicurezza e diminuito la percezione di restorativeness, in particolare per gli individui la cui identità di genere non si allineava con la mascolinità del luogo. Infine, lo Studio 7 (N = 154) ha implementato una experience sampling methodology per misurare la mascolinità di diversi spazi pubblici costruiti, valutati in loco e in tempo reale. I risultati hanno rivelato una correlazione con maggiori sensazioni di insicurezza, un minore attaccamento al luogo e un ridotto impegno per l’ambiente, confermando che chi sperimentava un misfit di genere era particolarmente vulnerabile a questi impatti negativi. Questa tesi fornisce prove empiriche sulla natura genderizzata della percezione dello spazio urbano, mostrando come il fit basato sull'identità di genere influisca sul benessere, sul comportamento sociale e sull'impegno per l’ambiente negli spazi urbani. I risultati offrono implicazioni teoriche e pratiche per la psicologia socio-ambientale e la pianificazione urbana, sottolineando la necessità di considerare le dinamiche di genere nella progettazione di spazi pubblici inclusivi e sostenibili.
Gendered urban environments: the fit between spatial and individual gender identities and its effects on well-being and environmental behavior
FACCENDA, GIULIO
2025
Abstract
Person-environment fit is the optimal compatibility between the characteristics of individuals and their environments which promotes positive life outcomes. Research in feminist geography highlights the importance of analyzing urban environments through a gendered lens, a perspective supported by recent theories regarding the spatial attribution of social stereotypes. While research has extensively examined the benefits of fit in workplace settings, limited research has explored this concept within urban environments, especially in relation to gender identity. This research represents the first attempt to examine person-environment fit processes within urban environments investigating how stereotypical gender associations with urban environments, in combination with individual gender identity, influence various aspects of well-being, socio-environmental attitudes and behavioral tendencies. The present dissertation is organized into three sections and includes eight empirical studies. Section A introduces the concept of compatibility with the environment and its psychosocial implications. Study 1a (N = 235) found that individuals with a stronger sense of fit in public spaces reported more positive psychological states and a greater willingness to engage with these environments. Study 1b (N = 191) extended this investigation by assessing the relationship between fit, attitudes toward social norms in public spaces, and pro-environmental intentions. In Study 2 (N = 277) an experimental manipulation demonstrated that enhancing subjective fit improved feelings of restorativeness and approach intentions, although effects on social norms and environmental intentions were inconsistent. Section B presents a second series of studies focused on the gendered stereotypical perceptions of urban space. Study 3 (N = 130) provided evidence for the gendered nature of urban space perception and its potential impact on social expectations regarding gender differences in environmental behavior. Study 4 (N = 170) replicated these findings using a Gender Face Recognition Task as an indirect measure to assess the cognitive association between gender and urban environments. Study 5 (N = 204) experimentally manipulated the cognitive accessibility of stereotypical beliefs about urban spaces. Although observing a manipulation backfire effect, results supported the role of gender role norms as a mechanism influencing gendered environmental behaviors. Section C revisits fit processes to better understand the psychosocial consequences of (mis)fitting with specific types of gendered urban places. Study 6 (N = 180) highlighted the masculine perception of urban green spaces, which heightened feelings of unsafety and diminished restorative perceptions, particularly for individuals whose gender identity did not align with the place masculinity. Finally, Study 7 (N = 154) implemented an experience sampling methodology to assess perceived masculinity across different built public spaces evaluated on-site and in real time. The findings revealed a correlation with increased feelings of unsafety, lower place attachment, and diminished environmental commitment, confirming that individuals experiencing a gender misfit were particularly vulnerable to these negative impacts. This dissertation provides empirical evidence for the gendered nature of urban space perception, showing how person-environment fit based on gender identity affects well-being, social behavior, and environmental engagement in urban settings. The findings offer important theoretical and practical implications for socio-environmental psychology urban planning, emphasizing the need to consider gender dynamics in the design of inclusive and sustainable public spaces.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193729
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-193729