Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer death worldwide.Patients affected by CRC die of metastases, that preferentially target the liver (CRC-LM). Pre-surgical (neoadjuvant) administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy (CT) combined with a targeted agent (i.e. anti-EGFR mAbs or anti-VEGF agents) improved the prognosis in patients with CRC-LM.However, these regimens are unable to cure metastatic disease, maintaining a high risk of liver recurrence up to 60% within the first 2 years after surgery. The deep profiling of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and its possible modulation by standard neoadjuvant regimens may gain mechanistic insights that can help both a better understanding of the disease and the design of more efficacious therapeutic approaches for CRC-LMs.In this study, we applied high dimensional flow cytometry to compare at single cell level the complexity and heterogeneity of TIME in CRC-LMs obtained from patients that underwent surgery either without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (i.e. steady state) or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, together with paired peripheral blood from the same patients. CRC-LM tumor lesions at the steady state were characterized by a highly dysfunctional and suppressive TIME, defined by an expanded population of tissue resident and highly exhausted CD8+T cells with a unique CD39hiPD1+LAG-3- signature, with suppressive activated Treg cells and M2-like tumor associated macrophages (TAMs).Unconventional γδ T cells maintained a more reactive and functional tissue-associated phenotype, while tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells cooperated for the formation of the highly dysfunctional and suppressive tumor niche. Pre-surgical therapies relieved immunosuppression by reducing M2-like TAM frequency. Particularly CT + VEGF targeting regimen partially relieved Treg—dependent immunosuppression in the tumor area and transiently rejuvenated conventional T cell population, increasing the frequency of peritumor-infiltrating CD4+TEM and decreased the frequency of tumor-infiltrating exhausted TRM cells, together with an increase in the proportion of intratumor non-exhausted CD8+TEM and LAG-3+ CD8+TEM cells.Upon pre-surgical therapies unconventional T cells, especially MAIT cells, still followed a distinct population dynamic. We only observed a slight rejuvenating effect, selective of neoadjuvant regimens combining VEGF targeting, on the intratumor γδ DN T cell population.Notably, however, the TIME reshaping by neoadjuvant therapies was only transient, and faded away upon time from the completion of the treatment, progressively returning to a dysfunctional immune contexture. Furthermore, the analysis of multiple metastatic lesions obtained from several patients showed significant intra and inter-patient CRC-LM TIME heterogeneity. This heterogenous response to neoadjuvant treatments, together with the transient nature of the TIME remodulation, supported the high rate of disease recurrence resulting from the essential failure of the current therapeutic schemes.Peripheral blood partially reflected immune dynamics detected in the tumor tissue, with some analogies regarding T and myeloid cell populations that could be shared between circulation and metastatic cancer.Finally, preliminary correlative analysis identified newly found conventional and unconventional cell subsets as positive prognostic predictors of Disease-Free Survival of CRC-LM patients, suggesting a potential value as clinical indicators. In conclusion, our results highlight the complexity and heterogeneity of the immune landscape in CRC-LM, and the transient ability of neoadjuvant treatments to functionally reshape the TIME, collectively impacting the efficacy of current treatments.Furthermore, we identify previously unknown conventional and unconventional T cell subsets that are implicated in the metastatic immune contexture dynamics resulting from neoadjuvant treatments, which may be prognostic predictors of liver progression.
ll cancro colorettale (CRC) è la seconda causa di morte per cancro nel mondo. I pazienti affetti da CRC muoiono per metastasi che colpiscono preferenzialmente il fegato (CRC-LM). L'amministrazione preoperatoria (neoadiuvante) di chemioterapia citotossica (CT) combinata con un agente mirato (anticorpi monoclonali anti-EGFR o agenti anti-VEGF) ha migliorato la prognosi nei pazienti con CRC-LM. Tuttavia, questi regimi non sono in grado di curare la malattia metastatica, mantenendo un alto rischio di recidiva epatica. Il profilo del microambiente immunitario tumorale e la sua possibile modulazione da parte dei regimi neoadiuvanti potrebbero fornire approfondimenti meccanicistici che possano aiutare sia a una migliore comprensione della malattia sia alla progettazione di approcci terapeutici più efficaci per le CRC-LM. In questo studio, abbiamo applicato la citometria a flusso ad alta dimensione per confrontare a livello di singole cellule la complessità e l'eterogeneità del microambiente immunitario da tumori di pazienti sottoposti a intervento chirurgico senza neoadiuvante o dopo neoadiuvante, insieme a campioni di sangue periferico abbinati. Le lesioni tumorali non trattate sono caratterizzate da un microambiente immunitario altamente disfunzionale e soppressivo, definito da una popolazione espansa di cellule T CD8+ residenti nei tessuti e altamente esauste, con cellule T regolatorie attivate soppressive e macrofagi associati al tumore. Le cellule T γδ non convenzionali mantengono un fenotipo più reattivo e funzionale, mentre le cellule MAIT cooperano per la formazione del microambiente tumorale disfunzionale e soppressivo. Le terapie preoperatorie alleviano l'immunosoppressione riducendo la frequenza dei macrofagi tumorali di tipo M2. In particolare, il regime di CT + anti-VEGF allieva l'immunosoppressione dipendente da cellule T convenzionali, ringiovanendo il compartimento di cellule T. A seguito delle terapie preoperatorie, le cellule T non convenzionali, in particolare le cellule MAIT, seguono una dinamica distinta. Solo un lieve effetto ringiovanente, selettivo per i regimi neoadiuvanti con CT + a-VEGF, è stato osservato sulla popolazione di cellule T γδ intratumorali. Tuttavia, la rimodulazione del TIME da parte delle terapie neoadiuvanti è solo transitoria e svanisce nel tempo dalla conclusione del trattamento, tornando progressivamente a una struttura immunitaria disfunzionale. Inoltre, l'analisi di più lesioni metastatiche ottenute da diversi pazienti ha mostrato una significativa eterogeneità intra e inter-paziente. Entrambi i fattori supportano l'alto tasso di recidiva della malattia risultante dal fallimento degli attuali schemi terapeutici. Il sangue periferico riflette parzialmente le dinamiche immunitarie rilevate nel tessuto tumorale, con alcune analogie riguardanti le popolazioni di cellule T e mieloidi. Infine, un'analisi preliminare correlativa ha identificato nuovi sottogruppi di cellule convenzionali e non convenzionali come predittori prognostici positivi della sopravvivenza libera da malattia nei pazienti con CRC-LM, suggerendo un potenziale valore come indicatori clinici. In conclusione, i nostri risultati evidenziano la complessità e l'eterogeneità del microambiente immunitario tumorale nei CRC-LM e la capacità transitoria dei trattamenti neoadiuvanti di rimodulare funzionalmente il TIME, impattando collettivamente l'efficacia dei trattamenti attuali. Inoltre, abbiamo identificato nuovi sottogruppi di cellule T convenzionali e non convenzionali implicati nelle dinamiche del contesto immunitario metastatico risultanti dai trattamenti neoadiuvanti, che potrebbero essere predittori prognostici della progressione epatica.
Complexity, dynamics and clinical implications of the immune contexture in CRC hepatic metastases
FACCANI, CRISTINA
2025
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer death worldwide.Patients affected by CRC die of metastases, that preferentially target the liver (CRC-LM). Pre-surgical (neoadjuvant) administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy (CT) combined with a targeted agent (i.e. anti-EGFR mAbs or anti-VEGF agents) improved the prognosis in patients with CRC-LM.However, these regimens are unable to cure metastatic disease, maintaining a high risk of liver recurrence up to 60% within the first 2 years after surgery. The deep profiling of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and its possible modulation by standard neoadjuvant regimens may gain mechanistic insights that can help both a better understanding of the disease and the design of more efficacious therapeutic approaches for CRC-LMs.In this study, we applied high dimensional flow cytometry to compare at single cell level the complexity and heterogeneity of TIME in CRC-LMs obtained from patients that underwent surgery either without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (i.e. steady state) or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, together with paired peripheral blood from the same patients. CRC-LM tumor lesions at the steady state were characterized by a highly dysfunctional and suppressive TIME, defined by an expanded population of tissue resident and highly exhausted CD8+T cells with a unique CD39hiPD1+LAG-3- signature, with suppressive activated Treg cells and M2-like tumor associated macrophages (TAMs).Unconventional γδ T cells maintained a more reactive and functional tissue-associated phenotype, while tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells cooperated for the formation of the highly dysfunctional and suppressive tumor niche. Pre-surgical therapies relieved immunosuppression by reducing M2-like TAM frequency. Particularly CT + VEGF targeting regimen partially relieved Treg—dependent immunosuppression in the tumor area and transiently rejuvenated conventional T cell population, increasing the frequency of peritumor-infiltrating CD4+TEM and decreased the frequency of tumor-infiltrating exhausted TRM cells, together with an increase in the proportion of intratumor non-exhausted CD8+TEM and LAG-3+ CD8+TEM cells.Upon pre-surgical therapies unconventional T cells, especially MAIT cells, still followed a distinct population dynamic. We only observed a slight rejuvenating effect, selective of neoadjuvant regimens combining VEGF targeting, on the intratumor γδ DN T cell population.Notably, however, the TIME reshaping by neoadjuvant therapies was only transient, and faded away upon time from the completion of the treatment, progressively returning to a dysfunctional immune contexture. Furthermore, the analysis of multiple metastatic lesions obtained from several patients showed significant intra and inter-patient CRC-LM TIME heterogeneity. This heterogenous response to neoadjuvant treatments, together with the transient nature of the TIME remodulation, supported the high rate of disease recurrence resulting from the essential failure of the current therapeutic schemes.Peripheral blood partially reflected immune dynamics detected in the tumor tissue, with some analogies regarding T and myeloid cell populations that could be shared between circulation and metastatic cancer.Finally, preliminary correlative analysis identified newly found conventional and unconventional cell subsets as positive prognostic predictors of Disease-Free Survival of CRC-LM patients, suggesting a potential value as clinical indicators. In conclusion, our results highlight the complexity and heterogeneity of the immune landscape in CRC-LM, and the transient ability of neoadjuvant treatments to functionally reshape the TIME, collectively impacting the efficacy of current treatments.Furthermore, we identify previously unknown conventional and unconventional T cell subsets that are implicated in the metastatic immune contexture dynamics resulting from neoadjuvant treatments, which may be prognostic predictors of liver progression.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193888
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-193888